Proteins : Biochemistry and Biotechnology / Gary Walsh.

Enhanced descriptions from Syndetics:

Protein Biotechnology and Biochemistry is a complete and definitive source of information for all those interested in the area, providing a broad overview of the various medical, diagnostic and industrial uses of proteins. It covers basic biochemical principles as well as providing a comprehensive survey of products currently available or under development.
* The new edition has been thoroughly updated with new material.
* The key difference is that this new edition will include more "pure" biochemistry.
* There are two completely new chapters: Protein Structure - an overview and Novel Proteins from Novel Sources.
Chapter 2, Protein Structure, an overview and chapter 3, Protein Purification & Characterisation, make up approximately 30% of the book. These chapters concentrate on the basic biochemical principles of proteins and will lay the foundations for the rest of the book. The remaining chapters focus on protein biotechnology and have been rearranged, updated and expanded.

Table of contents provided by Syndetics

• Preface (p. xi)
• 1 Protein structure (p. 1)
• Introduction (p. 1)
• Overview of protein structure (p. 2)
• Primary structure (p. 3)
• The peptide bond (p. 9)
• Amino acid sequence determination (p. 11)
• Polypeptide synthesis (p. 18)
• Higher level structure (p. 18)
• Secondary structure (p. 18)
• Tertiary structure (p. 22)
• Higher structure determination (p. 25)
• Protein post-translational modification (p. 28)
• Proteolytic processing (p. 28)
• Glycosylation (p. 29)
• Phosphorylation (p. 31)
• Acetylation, acylation and amidation (p. 33)
• Protein stability and folding (p. 36)
• Folding pathways (p. 42)
• Protein engineering (p. 45)
• Further reading (p. 47)
• 2 Protein sources (p. 51)
• Introduction (p. 51)
• Recombinant versus non-recombinant proteins (p. 52)
• Microorganisms as sources of proteins (p. 53)
• Protein production in genetically engineered microorganisms (p. 58)
• Heterologous protein production in E. coli (p. 58)
• Heterologous protein production in yeast (p. 64)
• Heterologous protein production in fungi (p. 66)
• Proteins from plants (p. 68)
• Production of heterologous proteins in plants (p. 70)
• Animal tissue as a protein source (p. 73)
• Heterologous protein production in transgenic animals (p. 75)
• Heterologous protein production using animal cell culture (p. 77)
• Insect cell culture systems (p. 80)
• Direct chemical synthesis (p. 81)
• Conclusion (p. 85)
• Further reading (p. 85)
• 3 Protein purification and characterization (p. 89)
• Introduction (p. 90)
• Protein detection and quantification (p. 92)
• Initial recovery of proteins (p. 96)
• Cell disruption (p. 96)
• Microbial cell disruption (p. 97)
• Removal of whole cells and cell debris (p. 99)
• Centrifugation (p. 99)
• Filtration (p. 100)
• Aqueous two-phase partitioning (p. 103)
• Removal of nucleic acid and lipid (p. 106)
• Concentration and primary purification (p. 107)
• Concentration by precipitation (p. 108)
• Concentration by ion-exchange (p. 110)
• Concentration by ultrafiltration (p. 112)
• Diafiltration (p. 115)
• Column chromatography (p. 116)
• Size exclusion chromatography (gel filtration) (p. 118)
• Ion-exchange chromatography (p. 123)
• Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (p. 128)
• Affinity chromatography (p. 131)
• Chromatography on hydroxyapatite (p. 141)
• Chromatofocusing (p. 142)
• Protein chromatography based on aqueous two-phase seperations (p. 143)
• HPLC of proteins (p. 144)
• Expanded bed chromatography (p. 149)
• Membrane chromatography (p. 152)
• Purification of recombinant proteins (p. 154)
• Protein inactivation and stabilization (p. 155)
• Chemical inactivation (p. 157)
• Inactivation by biological or physical influences (p. 158)
• Approaches to protein stabilization (p. 163)
• Lyophilization (p. 164)
• Micropurification of proteins (p. 167)
• Protein characterization (p. 168)
• Functional studies (p. 169)
• Evidence of purity (p. 170)
• Molecular mass determination: mass spectrometry (p. 173)
• Further reading (p. 176)
• 4 Large-scale protein purification (p. 179)
• Some general principles (p. 179)
• Scale up of protein production (p. 182)
• Scale up of purification systems (p. 183)
• Bulk protein production (p. 185)
• Purification of proteins used for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes (p. 189)
• Therapeutic protein production: some special issues (p. 192)
• Clean areas (p. 193)
• Cleaning, decontamination and sanitation (p. 193)
• Range and medical significance of impurities potentially present in protein-based therapeutic products (p. 196)
• Microbial contaminants (p. 197)
• Viral contaminants (p. 197)
• Pyrogenic contaminants (p. 200)
• DNA contaminants (p. 205)
• Protein contaminants (p. 206)
• Chemical and miscellaneous contaminants (p. 208)
• Labelling and packing of finished products (p. 209)
• Further reading (p. 210)
• 5 Therapeutic proteins: blood products and vaccines (p. 213)
• Introduction (p. 214)
• Blood products (p. 214)
• Whole blood and blood plasma (p. 214)
• Blood derived proteins (p. 215)
• Blood coagulation factors; biochemistry and function (p. 215)
• Haemophilia A and B (p. 218)
• Production of clotting factors for medical use (p. 220)
• Recombinant blood factors (p. 220)
• Non-hereditary coagulation disorders (p. 221)
• Anticoagulants (p. 223)
• Traditional anticoagulants (p. 224)
• Hirudin (p. 225)
• Ancrod (p. 226)
• Thrombolytic agents (p. 226)
• The fibrinolytic system (p. 227)
• t-PA-based products (p. 228)
• Additional thrombolytic agents (p. 229)
• Additional blood-related products (p. 230)
• Human serum albumin (p. 230)
• [alpha subscript 1]-Antitrypsin (p. 232)
• Blood substitutes (p. 232)
• Vaccine technology (p. 234)
• Traditional vaccines (p. 234)
• Recombinant vaccines (p. 236)
• Recombinant hepatitis B based vaccines (p. 239)
• Additional approaches to vaccine design (p. 240)
• Anti-idiotype antibodies as vaccines (p. 242)
• Vaccines for AIDS (p. 242)
• Cancer vaccines (p. 245)
• Adjuvant technology (p. 246)
• Further reading (p. 247)
• 6 Therapeutic antibodies and enzymes (p. 251)
• Introduction (p. 251)
• Antibodies for in vivo applications (p. 252)
• Polyclonal antibody preparations (p. 252)
• Monoclonal antibodies (p. 256)
• Hybridoma technology (p. 259)
• Antibodies approved for in vivo application (p. 260)
• Antibody-based tumour detection and destruction (p. 260)
• Therapeutic antibodies, an initial disappointment (p. 264)
• Chimaeric and humanized antibodies (p. 264)
• Tumour surface antigen specificity (p. 267)
• Production of antibodies for clinical application (p. 268)
• Therapeutic enzymes (p. 269)
• Asparaginase (p. 271)
• Debriding and anti-inflammatory agents (p. 272)
• Enzymes as digestive aids (p. 273)
• Superoxide dismutase (p. 274)
• Nuclease treatment of cystic fibrosis (p. 275)
• Glucocerebrosidase (p. 276)
• Further reading (p. 278)
• 7 Hormones and growth factors used therapeutically (p. 281)
• Introduction (p. 282)
• Insulin (p. 283)
• Diabetes mellitus (p. 284)
• Insulin synthesis in vivo (p. 285)
• Conventional insulin preparations (p. 287)
• Chromatographically purified insulin (p. 288)
• Human insulin preparations (p. 289)
• Insulin formulations (p. 291)
• Engineered insulins (p. 292)
• Glucagon (p. 293)
• Gonadotrophins (p. 294)
• FSH, LH and hCG (p. 294)
• Sources of FSH, LH and hCG (p. 295)
• Pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (p. 297)
• Superovulation in animals (p. 298)
• Inhibin (p. 299)
• Growth hormone (p. 300)
• Bovine growth hormone (p. 301)
• Erythropoietin (p. 302)
• Other growth factors (p. 303)
• Platelet-derived growth factor (p. 303)
• Insulin-like growth factors (p. 304)
• Epidermal growth factor (p. 305)
• Fibroblast growth factor (p. 306)
• Transforming growth factors (p. 306)
• Thyrotrophin (p. 307)
• Corticotrophin (p. 308)
• Prolactin (p. 309)
• Peptide Regulatory factors (p. 309)
• Oxytocin and vasopressin (p. 310)
• Luteinzing hormone releasing hormone (p. 312)
• Somatostatin (p. 312)
• Further reading (p. 313)
• 8 Interferons, interleukins and additional regulatory factors (p. 317)
• Regulatory factors; cytokines versus hormones (p. 318)
• Interferons (p. 318)
• Interferon-[alpha] (p. 321)
• Interferon-[beta] (p. 322)
• Interferon-[gamma] (p. 323)
• Production and medical applications of IFN-[alpha] (p. 323)
• Production and medical applications of IFN-[beta] (p. 325)
• Production and medical applications of IFN-[gamma] (p. 325)
• Interferon-[oegma] (p. 326)
• Interferon-[tau] (p. 326)
• Interleukins (p. 327)
• Interleukin-2 (p. 327)
• IL-2; production and medical applications (p. 333)
• Interleukin-11 (p. 334)
• Interleukin-1 (p. 336)
• Interleukins-4, 6 and 12 (p. 337)
• Tumour necrosis factors (p. 338)
• TNF-[alpha] (p. 339)
• Biological effects of TNF-[alpha] (p. 340)
• Medical applications of TNF-[alpha] (p. 341)
• TNF-[beta] (p. 341)
• Colony-stimulating factors (p. 342)
• Production and medical applications of CSFs (p. 344)
• Cytokine toxicity (p. 344)
• Further reading (p. 345)
• 9 Proteins used for analytical purposes (p. 349)
• Introduction (p. 349)
• Enzymes as diagnostic/analytical reagents (p. 352)
• End point versus kinetic methods (p. 355)
• Some common enzyme-based diagnostic tests (p. 356)
• Assay of blood glucose (p. 359)
• Assay of blood cholesterol and triglycerides (p. 360)
• Assay of blood urea and uric acid (p. 362)
• Immobilized enzymes as diagnostic reagents (p. 364)
• Biosensors (p. 364)
• Enzyme-based biosensors (p. 365)
• Non-enzyme-based biosensors (p. 368)
• Antibodies as analytical reagents (p. 370)
• Radioimmunoassay (p. 370)
• Enzyme immunoassay (p. 371)
• Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (p. 375)
• Enzymes used in EIA (p. 376)
• Trends in immunoassay development (p. 377)
• Immunological assays for HIV (p. 377)
• Additional immunoassay applications (p. 378)
• Latex-based and other immunoassay systems (p. 381)
• Membrane-bound diagnostic systems (p. 387)
• Further reading (p. 390)
• 10 Industrial enzymes: an introduction (p. 393)
• Industrial enzymes (p. 393)
• Sales value of industrial enzymes (p. 396)
• Traditional (non-recombinant) sources of industrial enzymes (p. 398)
• The impact of genetic engineering on enzyme production (p. 399)
• Engineered enzymes (p. 400)
• Immobilized enzymes (p. 402)
• Gel-fibre entrapment (p. 402)
• Immobilization via adsorption (p. 404)
• Enzyme safety (p. 405)
• Industrial enzymes; the future (p. 407)
• Extremophiles (p. 408)
• Hyperthermophiles (p. 408)
• Enzymes from hyperthermophiles (p. 410)
• Enzymes from additional extremophiles (p. 413)
• Enzymes in organic solvents (p. 414)
• Further reading (p. 416)
• 11 Industrial enzymes: proteases and carbohydrases (p. 419)
• Proteolytic enzymes (p. 420)
• Classification of proteases (p. 420)
• Detergent proteases (p. 423)
• Proteases used in cheese manufacture (p. 426)
• Proteases and meat tenderization (p. 429)
• Proteases and leather production (p. 430)
• Synthesis of aspartame (p. 432)
• Protease enzymes used in the brewing and baking industries (p. 433)
• Enzymatic conversion of protein waste (p. 433)
• Proteases; additional applications (p. 435)
• Carbohydrases (p. 436)
• Amylases (p. 436)
• The starch substrate (p. 438)
• [alpha]-Amylase (p. 439)
• Glucoamylase (p. 440)
• [beta]-Amylase (p. 443)
• [alpha]1--]6 Glucosidases (p. 443)
• Glucose isomerase (p. 445)
• Industrial importance of starch conversion (p. 447)
• [alpha]-Amylase: detergent applications (p. 450)
• [alpha]-Amylase: applications in textile desizing (p. 451)
• Lactase and sucrase (p. 452)
• Lignocellulose degrading enzymes (p. 454)
• The substrate cellulose (p. 454)
• Hemicellulose and lignin (p. 455)
• Cellulases (p. 456)
• Fungal cellulases (p. 457)
• Bacterial cellulases (p. 458)
• Cellulase structure (p. 459)
• Industrial applications of cellulose hydrolysis (p. 460)
• Detergent applications (p. 461)
• Stonewashing and biopolishing (p. 462)
• Enzymatic deinking (p. 463)
• Pectin and pectic enzymes (p. 463)
• The pectin substrate (p. 464)
• Pectic enzymes (p. 465)
• Industrial significance of pectin and pectin degrading enzymes (p. 467)
• Further reading (p. 468)
• 12 Additional industrial enzymes (p. 471)
• Lipases (p. 471)
• Detergent applications (p. 473)
• Additional applications (p. 475)
• Penicillin acylase (p. 476)
• Amino acylase and amino acid production (p. 479)
• Cyclodextrins and cyclodextrin glycosyl transferase (p. 481)
• Enzymes in animal nutrution (p. 486)
• Removal of anti-nutritional factors (p. 486)
• Phytase and phytic acid (p. 488)
• Factors affecting feed enzyme efficacy and stability (p. 490)
• Detection of enzymes after their addition to feed (p. 492)
• Enzymes in animal nutrition; future trends (p. 494)
• Oxidoreductases (p. 495)
• Enzymes in molecular biology (p. 499)
• Restriction endonucleases and DNA ligase (p. 499)
• DNA polymerase (p. 501)
• Further reading (p. 503)
• 13 Non-catalytic industrial proteins (p. 505)
• Introduction (p. 505)
• Functional properties of proteins (p. 506)
• Viscosity and thickening (p. 507)
• Gelation; cohesion and elasticity (p. 507)
• Fat and flavour binding, emulsification and foaming (p. 508)
• Milk and milk proteins (p. 509)
• Caseins; biochemistry (p. 512)
• Casein; industrial production and uses (p. 515)
• Whey proteins; biochemistry (p. 517)
• Whey proteins; industrial production and uses (p. 524)
• Animal and microbial proteins (p. 525)
• Gelatin (p. 525)
• Egg proteins (p. 527)
• Single-cell protein (p. 530)
• Sweet and taste modifying proteins (p. 532)
• Further reading (p. 533)
• Index (p. 535)