Building anatomy : an illustrated guide to how structures work / Iver Wahl.

By:

Wahl, Iver

Material type: Text

TextSeries: McGraw-Hill construction seriesPublication details: New York : McGraw-Hill, c2007.Description: xix, 401 p. : ill. ; 25 cmISBN:

0071432132 (alk. paper)
9780071432139 (alk. paper)

Subject(s):

DDC classification:

624.1 WAH

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ELIMINATE COSTLY AND POTENTIALLY DISASTEROUS CONCEPUTAL ERRORS IN YOUR NEXT STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Make sure your next building project is free of the conceptual errors that can cause structural failure with McGraw Hill's Building Anatomy: An Illustrated Guide to How Structures Work.

Packed with a wealth of informative diagrams and illustrations, this essential volume drills deep into the concepts behind structural systems to give you a critical understanding of how they work. From potential loads, load combinations, and superstructure to lateral support systems, foundations, and site soil and geology, Building Anatomy can help you design structures that will stand the test of time.

Written in clear, easy-to-understand language by an award-winning architect and professor, Building Anatomy delivers easy access to critical information, to help you:

Select structural systems based on the pros and cons of each system Size and arrange major structural components Identify concerns for each type of structural system Anticipate probable failure scenarios Explain each system's behavior under loads such as seismic and wind Understand construction issues encountered during fabrication and erection of each structure type And more!

With its critical information, comprehensive coverage, and indispensable illustrations, Building Anatomy delivers the nuts-and-bolts guidance you need to avoid conceptual mistakes during structural design. You can't afford to work without it!

Includes bibliographical references (p. 377-380) and index.

Table of contents provided by Syndetics

Preface (p. xvii)
Acknowledgments (p. xix)
1 Overview (p. 3)
Definition of Structure (p. 3)
Importance of Structure (p. 3)
Components of a Building Structure (p. 3)
Classifications of Loads (p. 4)
Tributary Areas (p. 4)
Forces and Vectors (p. 5)
Load Propagation (p. 5)
Load Scenarios (p. 6)
Load combinations (p. 6)
Construction loads (p. 6)
Superstructure (p. 6)
Classification system (p. 6)
Common alternatives (p. 7)
Structural creativity (p. 7)
Lateral Support System (p. 7)
Foundation (p. 7)
Soil and Geology (p. 7)
Stress and Strain (p. 8)
General discussion (p. 8)
Simple stresses (p. 8)
Complex stresses (p. 8)
Structural Design Goals (p. 8)
Safety (p. 8)
Value (p. 8)
Fitness (p. 9)
Compatibility (p. 9)
Flexibility (p. 9)
Big Conceptual Design Decisions (p. 9)
Structural Design Guidance (p. 9)
Formal and informal background (p. 9)
Principles (p. 10)
Selection of a Structural System (p. 11)
Functional footprint (p. 11)
Spans (p. 11)
Aesthetics (p. 11)
Cost (p. 11)
Constructability (p. 12)
Security (p. 12)
Reuse (p. 12)
Preliminary Layout of Structural Systems (p. 12)
Module matching (p. 12)
Functional patterns (p. 12)
Structural optimums (p. 13)
Production and transportation constraints (p. 13)
Structural recognition of critical details (p. 13)
Recognition of structural problems (p. 13)
Special Structural Situations (p. 14)
Long span structures (p. 14)
Seismic resistance (p. 14)
Wind resistance (p. 14)
Tall buildings (p. 14)
Temporary structures (p. 15)
2 Process (p. 17)
Structure and Architectural Design (p. 17)
Main Conceptual Decisions (p. 17)
Relative design priority (p. 17)
Accommodation of internal function (p. 18)
Type and magnitude of design loads (p. 18)
Components of the structural system (p. 18)
Structural materials (p. 18)
Interaction with external systems (p. 18)
Interaction with internal building systems (p. 19)
Cultural and economic setting (p. 19)
Specific significant structural opportunities and problems (p. 19)
Scope of structural innovation needed (p. 19)
Preliminary configuration, sizes, and materials for the structure (p. 19)
Coordination of envelope and structure (p. 20)
Defined contribution of selected structure to building aesthetic (p. 20)
Fabrication and erection process and feasibility (p. 20)
Cost feasibility of the structure (p. 20)
Sequence of Design Activities (p. 20)
Players and Responsibilities (p. 21)
Products of the Design Process (p. 22)
Code search (p. 22)
Load estimates summary (p. 22)
Precedent research (p. 22)
Schematic drawings (p. 23)
Conceptual drawings (p. 23)
Typical and critical details (p. 23)
Specific Design Methods and Tools (p. 23)
Use of checklists (p. 23)
Use of rules of thumb (p. 24)
Use of tables (p. 24)
Schematic and conceptual graphics (p. 24)
Study models (p. 24)
Mining of standard references (p. 24)
Computer software (p. 25)
3 Structural Failure (p. 27)
Definition of Structural Failure (p. 27)
Goals Related to Structural Failure (p. 27)
Failure as an Event in Time (p. 28)
Benefits of Structure Failures (p. 28)
Common Causes of Structural Failure (p. 28)
General Modes of Structural Failure (p. 29)
Stability failures (p. 29)
Strength failures (p. 29)
Stiffness failures (p. 30)
Local vs. Global Failure (p. 31)
Failure Scenarios (p. 31)
Insights from disaster reconnaissance (p. 31)
Role changes (p. 31)
The work/energy budget (p. 32)
Summary (p. 32)
4 Loads (p. 35)
Load Prediction (p. 35)
Common Load Estimation Tools (p. 35)
Conservative Load Estimation (p. 36)
Loads in Perspective (p. 36)
Partial List of Significant Building Loads (p. 36)
Types of Loads (p. 37)
Internal and external (p. 37)
Vertical and lateral (horizontal) (p. 37)
Dead and live loads (p. 37)
Equivalent uniform load (p. 37)
Point, distributed, and uniformly varying (p. 38)
Impact, inertial, static, and resonant (p. 38)
Preliminary Sizing (p. 38)
System capability (p. 38)
Weight of building materials (p. 39)
Superstructure/foundation relationship (p. 39)
Load Combinations (p. 39)
Review Questions (p. 39)
5 Lateral Support (p. 43)
Lateral Loads (p. 43)
Difference between Wind and Seismic Loads (p. 43)
Earthquakes (p. 44)
General earthquake behaviors (p. 44)
Seismic waves (p. 44)
Measurement (p. 44)
Instruments (p. 44)
Scales (p. 44)
Infrastructure Impact (p. 45)
Building Site Impact (p. 45)
Building Impact (p. 46)
Site/Building Interaction (p. 48)
Shallow foundation interaction (p. 48)
Structural Response to Seismic Loads (p. 49)
Specific Types of Seismic Resistant Strategies (p. 50)
Tsunami (p. 51)
Blast (p. 51)
Blast sources (p. 51)
Blast location (p. 51)
Blast direction (p. 52)
Target hardening (p. 52)
Stress reversals (p. 52)
Wind (p. 52)
General issues (p. 52)
Building effects (p. 52)
Site issues (p. 53)
Wind design guidelines (p. 53)
Structural response to wind and seismic loads (p. 54)
Other lateral support mechanisms (p. 56)
Migration of the lateral support mechanism (p. 58)
Review Questions (p. 58)
6 Geology and Soil (p. 61)
General Issues (p. 61)
Geology (p. 61)
Rock classification (p. 61)
Soils (p. 62)
General (p. 62)
Horizons (p. 63)
Soil classifications (p. 63)
Soil Evaluation (p. 64)
Documentation (p. 65)
Some common subsurface concerns (p. 66)
Topography (p. 68)
Review Questions (p. 69)
7 Foundations (p. 71)
Structural Role of the Foundation (p. 71)
Design Considerations (p. 71)
Types of Foundation (p. 72)
Shallow foundations (p. 72)
Deep foundations (p. 75)
Moment foundations (p. 77)
Foundations on slopes (p. 79)
Lateral Loads below the Ground Surface (p. 79)
Frost heave (p. 79)
Soil pressure (p. 79)
Water pressure (p. 79)
Vertical Uplift (p. 80)
Vertical Load Distribution below Footings (p. 80)
Adjacent Foundations (p. 82)
Shoring and Underpinning (p. 82)
Excavations (p. 83)
Slopes (p. 84)
Slope stability (p. 84)
Respect existing slopes (p. 84)
Retaining walls (p. 85)
Retaining wall failures (p. 86)
Bulkheads and cofferdams (p. 86)
Review Questions (p. 88)
8 Cable Structures (p. 91)
General (p. 91)
History and Significant Examples (p. 91)
Examples in nature (p. 91)
Non-building examples (p. 91)
Building examples (p. 92)
Behavior under Load (p. 92)
Stresses (p. 92)
Response by changing shape (p. 92)
Resolving inherent instability (p. 93)
Method of Support (p. 94)
Cable Arrangements (p. 95)
Failures (p. 95)
Optimum Configuration (p. 96)
Types or categories (p. 96)
Functional footprint (p. 96)
Span range (p. 96)
Nomenclature (p. 96)
Cable supported frames (p. 96)
Pattern of Growth (p. 98)
Cable System Design (p. 98)
Advantages (p. 98)
Disadvantages (p. 98)
Design methods (p. 98)
Aesthetic potential (p. 99)
Details (p. 100)
Structural details (p. 100)
Redundant cables (p. 100)
Related envelope (p. 100)
Construction (p. 101)
Factory fabrication (p. 101)
Related lateral support (p. 101)
Review Questions (p. 102)
9 Arches (p. 105)
Continuity (p. 105)
History and Examples (p. 105)
History (p. 105)
Selected building examples (p. 106)
Examples in nature (p. 106)
Some selected non-building examples (p. 106)
Nomenclature (p. 106)
Behavior under Load (p. 106)
Funicular curves (p. 106)
Resultants by parallelogram method (p. 109)
Resultants and arches (p. 109)
Pressure line (p. 110)
Lateral thrust (p. 110)
Structural logic in arches (p. 111)
Types of Arches (p. 112)
By configuration (p. 112)
By material (p. 113)
Arch Failures (p. 113)
Common failure modes (p. 113)
Need for hinges (p. 113)
Inadequate buttressing (p. 115)
Changes in loading (p. 116)
Design of Arches (p. 117)
Typical approximate span ranges (p. 117)
Common Applications (p. 118)
Advantages of the system (p. 119)
Disadvantages of the system (p. 119)
Pattern of Growth (p. 120)
Functional Footprint (p. 120)
Design (p. 120)
Methods (p. 120)
Aesthetic potential (p. 120)
Arch Details (p. 121)
Lateral stability (p. 121)
Connections (p. 121)
Relating the weatherproofing envelope to the arch (p. 121)
Construction (p. 121)
Centering (p. 121)
Types of centering (p. 122)
Changes in curvature (p. 122)
Striking the centering (p. 122)
Review Questions (p. 123)
10 Post and Beam (p. 125)
General (p. 125)
History and significant examples (p. 125)
Beams (p. 126)
Beam types or categories (p. 126)
Beam nomenclature (p. 130)
Common applications (p. 130)
Beam behavior under load (p. 131)
Columns (p. 139)
Column nomenclature (p. 139)
Column types or categories (p. 140)
Column behavior under load (p. 141)
Optimum post and beam configuration (p. 143)
Failures in post and beam systems (p. 147)
Functional Footprint (p. 147)
Pattern of Growth (p. 148)
Aesthetic Potential (p. 148)
Construction (p. 149)
Design Methods (p. 150)
Review Questions (p. 151)
11 Rigid Frames (p. 153)
Description (p. 153)
History and Significant Examples (p. 153)
History (p. 153)
Building examples (p. 153)
Types or Categories (p. 155)
Classified by shape (p. 155)
By Number and location of joints (p. 156)
Nomenclature (p. 156)
Common Applications (p. 157)
Behavior under Load (p. 158)
Arch action behavior (p. 158)
Post and beam action (p. 158)
Horizontal loads (p. 160)
Implications on individual members (p. 161)
Location of concentrated loads (p. 162)
Effect of adjacent bents or bays (p. 162)
Effect of vertically stacked bents or bays (p. 163)
Behavior of gabled frames (p. 164)
Optimum Configuration (p. 165)
Functional Footprint (p. 166)
Pattern of Growth (p. 166)
Aesthetic Potential (p. 166)
Construction (p. 167)
Design (p. 167)
Review Questions (p. 168)
12 Bearing Wall and Slab (p. 171)
Description (p. 171)
Bearing wall (p. 171)
Slab (p. 171)
History and Significant Examples (p. 171)
History (p. 171)
Building examples (p. 172)
Examples in nature (p. 172)
Non-building examples (p. 172)
Types or Categories (p. 172)
Bearing walls by material (p. 172)
Bearing walls by configuration (p. 172)
Structural slabs by material (p. 173)
Structural slabs by configuration (p. 174)
Nomenclature (p. 174)
Common Applications (p. 174)
Behavior under Load (p. 174)
Slabs and bearing walls (p. 174)
Slabs (p. 175)
Slab failures (p. 177)
Behavior of Bearing Walls under Load (p. 179)
Bearing wall failures (p. 180)
Optimum Configuration (p. 182)
Functional Footprint (p. 183)
Pattern of Growth (p. 184)
Design Methods (p. 184)
Aesthetic Potential (p. 184)
Construction (p. 184)
Sequence of construction (p. 186)
Review Questions (p. 188)
13 Trusses (p. 191)
General (p. 191)
Description (p. 191)
History and Significant Examples (p. 191)
Building examples (p. 191)
Non-building examples (p. 192)
Types or Categories (p. 193)
By material (p. 193)
By configuration (p. 196)
Trusses by position (p. 196)
Nomenclature (p. 197)
Common Applications (p. 199)
Architectural applications (p. 199)
Nonarchitectural applications (p. 199)
Behavior under Load (p. 199)
Configuration stability (p. 199)
Path of load propagation (p. 200)
Member stresses under vertical loads (p. 200)
Stresses in truss supports (p. 201)
Stresses in joints (p. 201)
Under lateral loads (p. 202)
The problem of uplift (p. 202)
The problem of expansion (p. 203)
Failures (p. 203)
Lateral load failures (p. 204)
Local and global failures (p. 205)
Long span collapse and large occupancy (p. 205)
Trusses and fire (p. 206)
Optimum Configuration (p. 206)
Total system (p. 206)
Members (p. 206)
Joints (p. 207)
Soil and foundations (p. 208)
Related lateral support system (p. 208)
Related envelope (p. 208)
Functional Footprint (p. 209)
Pattern of Growth (p. 209)
Design Methods (p. 210)
Aesthetic Potential (p. 210)
Construction (p. 211)
Review Questions (p. 212)
14 Space Frames (p. 215)
General Description (p. 215)
History and Significant Examples (p. 215)
Types or Categories (p. 216)
By material (p. 216)
By configuration (p. 218)
By position (p. 219)
Nomenclature (p. 219)
Space truss (p. 219)
Tensegrity structures (p. 222)
Common Applications (p. 223)
Architectural applications (p. 223)
Non-architectural applications (p. 223)
Behavior under Load (p. 224)
General comments (p. 224)
Truss-like behavior (p. 224)
Slab-like behavior (p. 225)
Path of load propagation (p. 227)
Member stresses under vertical loads (p. 227)
Stresses in space truss supports (p. 228)
Under lateral loads (p. 228)
The problem at the foundation (p. 228)
The problem of expansion (p. 229)
Failures (p. 229)
Excessive deflections (p. 229)
Stability failures (p. 229)
Member buckling (p. 229)
Wind failures (p. 230)
Local and global failures (p. 230)
Failure during a fire (p. 231)
Optimum Configuration (p. 231)
Total system (p. 231)
Members (p. 231)
Supports (p. 231)
Joints (p. 232)
Envelope (p. 232)
Functional footprint (p. 233)
Pattern of growth (p. 233)
Design Methods (p. 233)
Aesthetic Potential (p. 234)
Construction (p. 234)
Repetitive manufacture (p. 234)
Speed of erection (p. 235)
Need for space and heavy equipment (p. 235)
Manpower requirements small (p. 235)
Related soil and foundation (p. 235)
Related envelope (p. 235)
Sequence of construction (p. 236)
Details (p. 236)
Review Questions (p. 236)
15 Folded Plates (p. 239)
Description (p. 239)
History and Significant Examples (p. 239)
History (p. 239)
Building examples (p. 240)
Non-building examples (p. 240)
Types or Categories (p. 240)
By material (p. 240)
By configuration (p. 241)
Nomenclature (p. 242)
Common Applications (p. 244)
Behavior under Load (p. 244)
The inclined plate (p. 244)
Beam-like behavior (p. 245)
Slab-like behavior (p. 246)
Bearing wall behavior (p. 246)
Global behavior (p. 246)
Design Methods (p. 247)
Optimum Configuration (p. 247)
Structural system (p. 247)
Mechanical/electrical systems (p. 248)
Openings (p. 248)
Foundations (p. 249)
Joints (p. 249)
Related soil and foundation (p. 249)
Topography (p. 249)
Related lateral support (p. 250)
Related envelope (p. 250)
Functional Footprint (p. 250)
Pattern of Growth (p. 250)
Aesthetic Potential (p. 251)
Construction (p. 251)
Fabrication (p. 251)
Erection (p. 251)
Review Questions (p. 252)
16 Vaults (p. 255)
Description (p. 255)
History and Significant Examples (p. 255)
Examples in nature (p. 255)
History (p. 255)
Non-building examples (p. 258)
Nomenclature (p. 258)
Types or Categories (p. 259)
By material (p. 259)
By configuration (p. 259)
Behavior under Load and Failures (p. 260)
Arch-like behavior (p. 261)
Bearing wall behavior (p. 261)
Folded plate behavior (p. 261)
Short and long vaults (p. 262)
Design Methods (p. 263)
Optimum Configuration (p. 263)
Functional Footprint (p. 265)
Pattern of Growth (p. 265)
Aesthetic Potential (p. 265)
Construction (p. 266)
Fabrication (p. 266)
Review Questions (p. 266)
17 Domes (p. 269)
Description (p. 269)
History and Significant Examples (p. 269)
Nomenclature (p. 271)
Types or Categories (p. 273)
Common Applications (p. 273)
Behavior under Load (p. 274)
Load propagation (p. 274)
Stresses (p. 276)
Failures (p. 277)
Optimum Configuration (p. 277)
Functional Footprint (p. 281)
Pattern of Growth (p. 281)
Design (p. 281)
Construction (p. 282)
Review Questions (p. 283)
18 Shells (p. 285)
Background (p. 285)
Types and Categories (p. 285)
History (p. 289)
Examples (p. 289)
Examples in nature (p. 289)
Non-building examples (p. 289)
Building examples (p. 289)
Nomenclature (p. 290)
Common Applications (p. 291)
Behavior under Load (p. 291)
General observation (p. 291)
Stresses (p. 291)
Load propagation (p. 292)
Failures (p. 293)
Optimum Configuration (p. 293)
Functional footprint (p. 294)
Pattern of growth (p. 294)
Construction (p. 294)
Design (p. 296)
Aesthetic potential (p. 297)
Review Questions (p. 297)
19 Tents (p. 299)
Description (p. 299)
History and Significant Examples (p. 299)
Types or Categories (p. 301)
Nomenclature (p. 302)
Common Applications (p. 303)
Behavior under Load (p. 304)
Optimum Configuration (p. 307)
Construction (p. 312)
Design (p. 313)
Review Questions (p. 316)
20 Pneumatics (p. 319)
Description (p. 319)
History and Significant Examples (p. 319)
Types or Categories (p. 319)
Common Applications (p. 323)
Behavior under Load (p. 323)
Optimum Configuration (p. 325)
Construction (p. 328)
Design (p. 328)
Review Questions (p. 329)
21 Hybrids and Exotics (p. 331)
Description (p. 331)
Hybrids (p. 331)
Exotics (p. 331)
History and Significant Examples (p. 331)
Examples in nature (p. 331)
Building examples (p. 332)
Choice between Tradition and Innovation (p. 333)
Tradition (p. 333)
Innovation (p. 333)
Types or Categories (p. 335)
Exotics (p. 335)
Hybrids (p. 335)
Common Applications (p. 335)
Behavior under Load (p. 336)
Exotics (p. 336)
Hybrids (p. 336)
Both exotics and combinations (p. 337)
Optimum Configuration (p. 337)
Functional Footprint (p. 337)
Pattern of Growth (p. 337)
Aesthetic Potential (p. 338)
Construction (p. 338)
Review Questions (p. 339)
22 Structural Selection (p. 341)
Background (p. 341)
Functional Issues (p. 341)
Spatial aspects (p. 341)
Occupancy loads by functional use (p. 343)
Probable future use (p. 343)
Circulation (p. 343)
Minimum size for fire egress routes (p. 343)
Code loads in hallways (p. 344)
Support for stairs and elevators (p. 344)
Location, size, and shape of circulation openings (p. 344)
Site Context (p. 344)
Physical setting (p. 344)
Geology and soil adjacent to, and under the building (p. 345)
Topography (p. 345)
Climate (p. 345)
Adjacent structures (p. 345)
Probable natural disasters (p. 346)
Cultural Setting (p. 346)
Local cultural tradition (p. 346)
Construction annoyance (p. 347)
Code constraints (p. 347)
Zoning constraints (p. 347)
Land ownership (p. 348)
Probable man-made disasters (p. 348)
Economic Issues (p. 348)
Initial costs (p. 348)
Equipment (p. 348)
Experience (p. 349)
Profit (p. 349)
Financing (p. 350)
Consultant fees (p. 351)
Salvage rewards (p. 351)
Aesthetic Issues (p. 353)
Urban Setting (p. 353)
Integration with Other Building Systems (p. 354)
Passive energy (p. 354)
Illumination (p. 355)
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) (p. 355)
Electrical (p. 355)
Water (p. 356)
Drainage, waste, and venting (p. 356)
Acoustics (p. 356)
Building Envelope (p. 357)
Modular support of/for the building skin (p. 357)
Thermal expansion and contraction (p. 358)
Accommodation of other types of movement (p. 358)
Detailing ease (p. 358)
Other (p. 358)
Support, openings, and continuity for elevators and escalators (p. 358)
Vertical continuity for roof drainage (p. 358)
Safety (p. 358)
Serviceability (p. 359)
Designability (p. 359)
Realizability (p. 359)
Durability (p. 359)
Review Questions (p. 359)
23 Structural Creativity (p. 361)
Alternative Forms of Thought (p. 361)
Getting the Right Mind Set (p. 361)
Setting the Scene (p. 363)
Some Selected Creative Design Methods (p. 363)
A Creative Structural Design Process (p. 363)
Review Questions (p. 365)
24 Quality Assurance (p. 367)
Background (p. 367)
Industrial quality assurance programs (p. 367)
Quality in the building industry (p. 367)
Single matching quality responsibility/authority (p. 367)
Motivation (p. 368)
Definitions (p. 368)
Two Types of Quality (p. 369)
Design quality (p. 369)
Quality of conformance (p. 369)
Planning and Organization for Quality (p. 369)
Planning (p. 369)
Organization (p. 370)
Defects May Only Be a Symptom (p. 371)
Finish Goods Acceptance (p. 371)
Quality conformance (p. 371)
Design quality (p. 371)
Specific QA Activities (p. 372)
Quality surveys (p. 372)
Quality inspections (p. 372)
Quality audits (p. 373)
Quality Accountability (p. 373)
Bartering Quality (p. 373)
Quality Improvement (p. 374)
Rewards for Quality (p. 374)
Quality Summary (p. 374)
Review Questions (p. 375)
Bibliography (p. 377)
Illustration Credits (p. 381)
Index (p. 385)

Author notes provided by Syndetics

Iver Wahl is an Associate Professor of Architecture at the University of Oklahoma, and an award-winning architect. He is a member of the Architectural Engineering Institute and the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute. He has conducted extensive worldwide disaster site reconnaissance for more than 17 years, including reconnaissance immediately following the attack on the World Trade Centers, and has lectured extensively on his findings.