Environmental forensics [vol. 26] / editors R.E. Hester and R.M. Harrison.

Enhanced descriptions from Syndetics:

'Environmental forensics' is a combination of analytical and environmental chemistry, which is useful in the court room context. It therefore involves field analytical studies and both data interpretation and modelling connected with the attribution of pollution events to their causes. Recent decades have seen a burgeoning of legislation designed to protect the environment and, as the costs of environmental damage and clean-up are considerable, not only are there prosecutions by regulatory agencies, but the courts are also used as a means of adjudication of civil damage claims relating to environmental causes or environmental degradation. As a result is the increasing number of prosecutions of companies who have breached regulations for environmental protection and in civil claims relating to harm caused by excessive pollutant releases to the environment. Such cases can become extremely protracted as expert witnesses provide their sometimes conflicting interpretations of environmental measurement data and their meaning. It is in this context that environmental forensics is developing as a specialism, leading to greater formalisation of investigative methods which should lead to more definitive findings and less scope for experts to disagree. Now a significant subject in its own right, at least one journal devoted to the field and a number of degree courses have sprung up. As a result of the topicality and rapid growth of the subject area, is the publication of this book - the 26th volume in the highly acclaimed Issues in Environmental Science and Technology Series. This volume contains authoritative articles by a number of the leading practitioners across the globe in the environmental forensics field and aims to cover some of the main techniques and areas to which environmental forensics are being applied. The content is comprehensive and describes a number of the key areas within environmental forensics - topics covered by the authors include: - Source identification issues - Microbial techniques - Metal contamination and methods of assigning liability - The use of isotopes to determine sources and their applications - Molecular biological methods - Hydrocarbon fingerprinting techniques - Oil chemistry and key compound identification - The emerging role of environmental forensics in groundwater pollution Additionally, the volume considers specific pollutants and long-lived pollutants of groundwater such as halocarbons which have presented particular problems and which are described in some depth, as well as the way in which chemical degradation processes can lead to compositional changes which provide valuable information. The book provides a comprehensive overview of many of the key areas of environmental forensics written by some of the leading experts in the field. It will be both of specialist use to those seeking expert insights into the field and its capabilities as well as of more general interest to those involved in both environmental analytical science and environmental law.

Table of contents provided by Syndetics

• Environmental Forensics and the Importance of Source Identification
• 1 Introduction (p. 1)
• 2 The Legislative Framework for Environmental Forensics (p. 1)
• 2.1 National Legislation (p. 1)
• 2.2 Regional Legislation (p. 4)
• 2.3 US Legislation (p. 5)
• 3 Source Identification (p. 6)
• 3.1 Illegal Discharges (p. 8)
• 3.2 Fugitive Emissions or Discharge (p. 9)
• 3.3 Deliberate 'Fly-tipping' (p. 9)
• 3.4 Historical Discharges (p. 9)
• 3.5 Altered Environmental Processes (p. 9)
• 4 Tools for Source Apportionment (p. 10)
• 4.1 Chemical Approaches (p. 10)
• 4.2 Biological Apporaches (p. 12)
• 5 Summary (p. 14)
• References (p. 14)
• Microbial Techniques for Environmental Forensics
• 1 Introduction (p. 17)
• 2 Traditional Microbial Forensics (p. 17)
• 2.1 Community-level Physiological Profiling (p. 18)
• 2.2 Phospholipid Fatty Acid Profiling (p. 19)
• 3 Emerging Microbial Analyses (p. 19)
• 3.1 Microbial Analysis and Environmental Forensics (p. 19)
• 3.2 The Basis of Molecular Microbial Forensic Techniques (p. 20)
• 3.3 Ribosomes (p. 21)
• 3.4 Ribosomal RNA and Taxonomy (p. 22)
• 3.5 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) (p. 22)
• 4 PCR-based DNA Fingerprinting Techniques (p. 25)
• 4.1 Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis and Its Derivatives (p. 25)
• 4.2 Single-stranded Conformation Polymorphism Analysis (SSCP) (p. 28)
• 4.3 Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (TRFLP) (p. 29)
• 5 Limitations of PCR-based Methodologies (p. 31)
• 6 Forensic Interpretation of Profiles (p. 31)
• 7 Conclusions (p. 33)
• References (p. 33)
• Spatial Considerations of Stable Isotope Analyses in Environmental Forensics
• 1 A Background in Stable Isotopes (p. 38)
• 1.1 Stable Isotopes - a Primer (p. 38)
• 1.2 Isotope Ratio Composition is Presented in Delta Notation (p. 38)
• 1.3 Gas Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer (p. 39)
• 2 The Stable Isotopes of Water (p. 40)
• 2.1 The Meteoric Water Line (p. 40)
• 2.2 Isotopes of Water on a Spatial Scale (p. 40)
• 3 Spatial Forensic Applications Based on H and O Isotopes (p. 42)
• 3.1 Cotton as an Example of Plant Sourcing (p. 42)
• 3.2 Wine as an Example of Food Sourcing (p. 44)
• 3.3 Keratin as an Example of Animal Sourcing (p. 44)
• 4 Opportunities to Examine C and N Isotopes on a Spatial Basis (p. 47)
• 4.1 The Imprint of Photosynthetic Pathways (p. 47)
• 4.2 Cocaine Origins are Reflected in C and N Isotopes (p. 49)
• References (p. 50)
• Diagnostic Compounds for Fingerprinting Petroleum in the Environment
• 1 Introduction (p. 54)
• 1.1 Petroleum Genesis, Refining, Weathering and Mixing (p. 55)
• 1.2 The Philosophy of Chemical Fingerprinting (p. 57)
• 2 Diagnostic Compounds (p. 60)
• 2.1 Trimethylpentanes (p. 60)
• 2.2 Gasoline Additives (p. 61)
• 2.3 Diamondoids (p. 65)
• 2.4 Acyclic Alkanes (p. 65)
• 2.5 Sesquiterpanes (p. 69)
• 2.6 n-Alkylcyclohexanes (p. 70)
• 2.7 Diterpenoids (p. 73)
• 2.8 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (p. 73)
• 2.9 Triterpenoids (p. 79)
• 2.10 Steroids (p. 91)
• 3 Conclusions (p. 96)
• References (p. 97)
• Perchlorate - Is Nature the Main Manufacturer?
• 1 Introduction (p. 105)
• 1.1 Changing Perspectives (p. 105)
• 1.2 The Perchlorate Legacy - Emergence of a Long-used Contaminant (p. 106)
• 1.3 Keys to Forensic Investigations (p. 107)
• 2 Environmental Forensic Investigation of Perchlorate (p. 108)
• 2.1 Perchlorate - Unique Chemical (p. 108)
• 2.2 Sources of Perchlorate (p. 110)
• 2.3 Tracking Perchlorate in the Environment (p. 119)
• 3 Conclusions (p. 127)
• References (p. 127)
• Tracking Chlorinated Solvents in the Environment
• 1 Introduction - The Environmental Legacy (p. 130)
• 2 The State of Knowledge (p. 132)
• 3 Sources and Uses (p. 132)
• 4 Traits and Environmental Behavior (p. 133)
• 5 Significance of Environmental Forensics for Site Remediation (p. 137)
• 6 Forensic Techniques for Tracking the Source and Age of Chlorinated Solvents (p. 137)
• 6.1 Chemical Fingerprinting (p. 138)
• 6.2 Isotopic Fingerprinting (p. 148)
• 6.3 Dendroecology (p. 150)
• 7 Conclusions and Perspectives (p. 151)
• References (p. 151)
• Groundwater Pollution: The Emerging Role of Environmental Forensics
• 1 Introduction (p. 153)
• 2 The Fundamental Questions (p. 154)
• 3 Subsurface Forensic Methods (p. 156)
• 3.1 Site History (p. 156)
• 3.2 Site Testing (p. 157)
• 3.3 Historical Knowledge of Subsurface Contamination (p. 162)
• 4 Examples of Some Important and Challenging Specific Questions (p. 162)
• 4.1 What Was the Chemical Material That Was Released? (p. 162)
• 4.2 Does the Groundwater Plume Track Back to the Releases or Source Zones? (p. 166)
• 4.3 Can the Contaminants be Traced Back to the Source Zone? (p. 167)
• 5 Concluding Discussion (p. 170)
• References (p. 171)
• Subject Index (p. 173)

Author notes provided by Syndetics

The series has been edited by Professors Hester and Harrison since it began in 1994.

Professor Roy Harrison OBE is listed by ISI Thomson Scientific (on ISI Web of Knowledge) as a Highly Cited Researcher in the Environmental Science/Ecology category. He has an h-index of 54 (i.e. 54 of his papers have received 54 or more citations in the literature). In 2004 he was appointed OBE for services to environmental science in the New Year Honours List. He was profiled by the Journal of Environmental Monitoring (Vol 5, pp 39N-41N, 2003). Professor Harrison's research interests lie in the field of environment and human health. His main specialism is in air pollution, from emissions through atmospheric chemical and physical transformations to exposure and effects on human health. Much of this work is designed to inform the development of policy.

Now an emeritus professor, Professor Ron Hester's current activities in chemistry are mainly as an editor and as an external examiner and assessor. He also retains appointments as external examiner and assessor / adviser on courses, individual promotions, and departmental / subject area evaluations both in the UK and abroad.