Overview of System-Wide Impacts of Wind Generation on Power Systems -- General Approaches to Valuing Wind on Power Systems -- Developing Useful Wind Generation Data -- Characterization of Wind in Generation Dispatch Models -- Power System Incremental Reserve Requirements -- Wind Forecasting -- Power System Dispatch Models and Valuing Wind Generation -- Wind Integration Costs -- Wind Power Contribution to Meeting Peak Demand -- Effects of Markets on Wind Integration Costs -- Reducing Wind Integration Costs -- Review of Selected Wind Integration Studies -- Considerations for High Penetration Wind Systems.

Summary: Wind powered generation is the fastest growing energy source in the United States due to a combination of economic incentives, public preference for renewable energy as expressed in government policies, competitive costs, and the need to address global warming. The economic consequences of the relative variability and lower predictability of wind generation are not easily captured in standard economic analyses performed by utility planners. This book provides utility analysts and regulators a guide to analyzing the value of wind generation in the context of modern power systems. Guiding the reader through the steps to understanding and valuing wind generation on modern power systems, this book approaches the issue from the various, current perspectives in the US. These include utilities that are still primarily vertically integrated power providers and systems dominated by independent system operators (ISOs). Outlined here are the basic procedures in a wind valuation study, described with enough detail so that analysts spanning a range of resources and sophistication can reasonably undertake a competent study. Descriptions of studies performed by other utilities are also provided, explaining their specific approaches to the fundamentals. Finally, it includes a short section on power systems that utilize relatively large fractions of wind, and how operating procedures and valuing techniques may need alteration to accommodate them. . Reviews operating challenges that large amounts of wind power present to power systems operators . Outlines alternative approaches to quantifying the systems services necessary to accommodate the wind . Explains how economic analyses of wind generation are competently performed . Describes how to represent wind generation in computer models commonly used by electric utility planners that may not be specifically designed to incorporate wind generation . Reviews methods used by some select utility companies around the United States . Touches on key European issues involving relatively high levels of wind generation . Written at the level of the utility planner, assuming a basic understanding of economic dispatch of generators and elementary statistics Outlines the role of wind forecasting in wind valuation studies Evaluates the importance of estimating wind generation to meet peak demand Researches how the market structure effects the value of wind energy Discusses power systems that utilize relatively large fractions of wind power Highlights the operating procedures that can enhance the value of wind generation.

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Enhanced descriptions from Syndetics:

Wind powered generation is the fastest growing energy source in the United States due to a combination of economic incentives, public preference for renewable energy as expressed in government policies, competitive costs, and the need to address global warming. The economic consequences of the relative variability and lower predictability of wind generation are not easily captured in standard economic analyses performed by utility planners. This book provides utility analysts and regulators a guide to analyzing the value of wind generation in the context of modern power systems.Guiding the reader through the steps to understanding and valuing wind generation on modern power systems, this book approaches the issue from the various, current perspectives in the US. These include utilities that are still primarily vertically integrated power providers and systems dominated by independent system operators (ISOs). Outlined here are the basic procedures in a wind valuation study, described with enough detail so that analysts spanning a range of resources and sophistication can reasonably undertake a competent study. Descriptions of studies performed by other utilities are also provided, explaining their specific approaches to the fundamentals. Finally, it includes a short section on power systems that utilize relatively large fractions of wind, and how operating procedures and valuing techniques may need alteration to accommodate them.* Reviews operating challenges that large amounts of wind power present to power systems operators * Outlines alternative approaches to quantifying the systems services necessary to accommodate the wind * Explains how economic analyses of wind generation are competently performed * Describes how to represent wind generation in computer models commonly used by electric utility planners that may not be specifically designed to incorporate wind generation * Reviews methods used by some select utility companies around the United States * Touches on key European issues involving relatively high levels of wind generation * Written at the level of the utility planner, assuming a basic understanding of economic dispatch of generators and elementary statistics

Wind powered generation is the fastest growing energy source in the United States due to a combination of economic incentives, public preference for renewable energy as expressed in government policies, competitive costs, and the need to address global warming. The economic consequences of the relative variability and lower predictability of wind generation are not easily captured in standard economic analyses performed by utility planners. This book provides utility analysts and regulators a guide to analyzing the value of wind generation in the context of modern power systems. Guiding the reader through the steps to understanding and valuing wind generation on modern power systems, this book approaches the issue from the various, current perspectives in the US. These include utilities that are still primarily vertically integrated power providers and systems dominated by independent system operators (ISOs). Outlined here are the basic procedures in a wind valuation study, described with enough detail so that analysts spanning a range of resources and sophistication can reasonably undertake a competent study. Descriptions of studies performed by other utilities are also provided, explaining their specific approaches to the fundamentals. Finally, it includes a short section on power systems that utilize relatively large fractions of wind, and how operating procedures and valuing techniques may need alteration to accommodate them. . Reviews operating challenges that large amounts of wind power present to power systems operators . Outlines alternative approaches to quantifying the systems services necessary to accommodate the wind . Explains how economic analyses of wind generation are competently performed . Describes how to represent wind generation in computer models commonly used by electric utility planners that may not be specifically designed to incorporate wind generation . Reviews methods used by some select utility companies around the United States . Touches on key European issues involving relatively high levels of wind generation . Written at the level of the utility planner, assuming a basic understanding of economic dispatch of generators and elementary statistics Outlines the role of wind forecasting in wind valuation studies Evaluates the importance of estimating wind generation to meet peak demand Researches how the market structure effects the value of wind energy Discusses power systems that utilize relatively large fractions of wind power Highlights the operating procedures that can enhance the value of wind generation.

Electronic reproduction. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science & Technology, 2010. Mode of access: World Wide Web. System requirements: Web browser. Title from title screen (viewed on Nov. 3, 2010). Access may be restricted to users at subscribing institutions.

Table of contents provided by Syndetics

Preface (p. ix)
Acknowledgements (p. x)
Chapter 1 Introduction (p. 1)
Chapter 2 Overview of system impacts of wind generation (p. 5)
2.1 Primary economic effects of wind power (p. 6)
2.2 Role of wind forecasts in wind power economics (p. 7)
2.3 Wind as an energy resource (p. 9)
2.4 Other potentially important effects (p. 11)
2.5 Properties of wind output in aggregate (p. 13)
2.5.1 Effects of high-pressure systems and weather fronts (p. 16)
2.5.2 Weather fronts and wind ramps (p. 18)
2.5.3 Wind generation data (p. 19)
2.6 Summary (p. 19)
Chapter 3 General approaches to valuing wind on power systems (p. 21)
3.1 Wind valuation components (p. 23)
3.1.1 Direct wind generation cost (p. 24)
3.1.2 Gross value of generated energy (p. 26)
3.1.3 Value of renewable energy credits and emissions reductions (p. 27)
3.1.4 Cost of holding additional reserves due to wind variability and Uncertainty (p. 29)
3.1.5 Effects on reserve generation operating costs (p. 32)
3.1.6 Balance of system and market trading costs (p. 33)
3.2 Summary (p. 34)
Chapter 4 Developing Useful wind generation data (p. 37)
4.1 Sensitivity of statistics to scaling (p. 38)
4.1.1 Scaling to nearby wind projects (p. 41)
4.2 Converting wind speed to wind output (p. 42)
4.2.1 Adjusting wind speed measurements to hub height (p. 43)
4.2.2 Multi-turbine power curve equivalent (p. 44)
4.2.3 Block-averaged wind speeds (p. 46)
4.3 Using weather model data (p. 47)
4.4 Summary (p. 48)
Chapter 5 Representing wind in economic dispatch models (p. 51)
5.1 Ideal representation of wind generators in dispatch models (p. 52)
5.2 Fixed time series in forward- and backward - looking analyses (p. 53)
5.3 Representing wind as load reduction or fixed generation levels (p. 55)
5.4 Representing wind as an equivalent thermal generation station (p. 57)
5.5 Summary (p. 61)
Chapter 6 Poujer system incremental reserve requirements (p. 63)
6.1 Principles of reserve requirement analysis (p. 63)
6.1.1 Incremental reserves to ensure reliability (p. 64)
6.1.2 Distinct importance of variability and uncertainty (p. 65)
6.1.3 Reserve requirements depend on both load and wind characteristics (p. 66)
6.2 Reserve nomenclature (p. 70)
6.2.1 Planning reserves (p. 71)
6.2.2 Operating reserves (p. 71)
6.3 Determining non-contingency operating reserve requirements (p. 73)
6.3.1 Segmenting reserve requirements by type (p. 77)
6.3.2 Conditional reserve requirements (p. 83)
6.4 Summary (p. 84)
Chapter 7 Wind power forecasting (p. 87)
7.1 Types and uses of wind forecasts (p. 87)
7.2 Climate and weather (p. 89)
7.3 Forecasting techniques (p. 90)
7.4 Forecast error measures (p. 92)
7.5 Forecast accuracy (p. 95)
7.6 Developing synthetic forecasts (p. 97)
7.7 Summary (p. 98)
Chapter 8 Wind energy valuation studies (p. 101)
8.1 System responses to wind generation (p. 103)
8.2 Study design (p. 103)
8.3 Model modifications for wind (p. 105)
8.3.1 Modeling variability (p. 106)
8.1.2 Modeling forecast uncertainty (p. 107)
8.4 Example study results (p. 108)
8.5 Portfolio risk and wind generation (p. 109)
8.6 Costs and value not captured by CEDMs (p. 111)
8.7 Study validation (p. 112)
8.7.1 Input validation (p. 112)
8.7.2 Algorithm validation procedures (p. 112)
8.7.3 Validating results (p. 113)
8.8 Over-specification of wind costs (p. 114)
8.9 Summary (p. 115)
Chapter 9 Wind integration costs (p. 117)
9.1 Wind integration cost study design (p. 118)
9.1.1 Design for CEDM-based studies (p. 118)
9.1.2 Non-CEDM study design (p. 121)
9.2 Simplified non-CEDM wind integration cost example (p. 122)
9.2.1 Calculating increased reserve requirement (p. 123)
9.2.2 Incremental fixed costs (p. 123)
9.2.3 Incremental fuel costs (p. 124)
9.2.4 Market transaction costs (p. 127)
9.2.5 Summary of costs (p. 130)
9.3 Cost allocation (p. 131)
9.4 Incremental reserve requirement behavior (p. 132)
9.4.1 Importance of standard deviation (p. 132)
9.4.2 Summing distributions (p. 133)
9.4.3 Effect of project size: Examples (p. 135)
9.4.4 Effect of correlation: Examples (p. 136)
9.4.5 Small increment approximation (p. 136)
9.4.6 Dependence on order (p. 137)
9.4.7 Real data and the inconstancy of the z-statistic (p. 138)
9.4.8 Conclusion (p. 138)
Chapter 10 Wind Power's contribution to meeting peak demand (p. 141)
10.1 Capacity value and effective load-carrying capability (p. 142)
10.2 Computing effective load-carrying capability (p. 144)
10.3 Wind capacity value characteristics (p. l49)
10.4 Case studies (p. 150)
10.4.1 State of New York (p. 150)
10.4.2 State of Minnesota (p. 151)
10.4.3 German study (p. 152)
10.4.4 Irish study (p. 152)
10.5 Summary (p. 153)
Chapter 11 Effects of markets on wind integration costs (p. 155)
11.1 Market size and access (p. 157)
11.2 Scheduling rules and imbalance settlement (p. 158)
11.3 Ancillary service requirements and charges (p. 159)
11.4 Participation in redispatch (p. 160)
11.5 Wind forecasting services (p. 162)
11.6 Capacity valuation (p. 162)
11.7 Market incentives (p. 163)
11.7.1 Federal incentives (p. 163)
11.7.2 Non-federal incentives (p. 166)
11.8 Transmission construction cost recovery and efficient use of capability (p. 166)
11.8.1 Efficient use (p. 166)
11.8.2 Transmission construction cost recovery (p. 167)
11.9 Summary (p. 168)
Chapter 12 Enhancing wind energy value (p. 171)
12.1 Reducing reserve generation requirements (p. 172)
12.1.1 Improved mind forecasting (p. 173)
12.1.2 Shorter scheduling lead times (p. 174)
12.1.3 More frequent market transactions (p. 175)
12.2 Efficient provision of balancing services (p. 175)
12.2.1 Wider sharing of balancing needs (p. 175)
12.2.2 Incorporating a broader range of balancing generators (p. 176)
12.3 Active management of mind and demand (p. 179)
12.4 Dedicated storage technologies (p. 180)
12.5 Summary (p. 181)
Chapter 13 Review of selected wind integration studies (p. 183)
13.1 Sampling of studies (p. 185)
13.1.1 2006 Minnesota wind integration study (p. 185)
13.1.2 2005 NYSERDA wind study (p. 185)
13.1.3 California Energy Commission 2007 IAP Final Report (p. 189)
13.1.4 Eastern Wind Integration and Transmission Study (EWITS) (p. 191)
13.1.5 Western Wind and Solar Integration Study (WWSIS) (p. 194)
13.1.6 All Island Study (Ireland) (p. 198)
13.2 Summary (p. 201)
Chapter 14 Considerations for high penetration wind systems (p. 203)
14.1 Market organization (p. 206)
14.1 Energy storage (p. 207)
14.3 Facility siting (p. 210)
14.4 Wind forecasting (p. 211)
14.5 Controlling wind generation (p. 212)
14.6 Summary (p. 213)
Appenix A Wind forecasting vendors (p. 215)
Glossary (p. 217)
Index (p. 227)

Author notes provided by Syndetics

Ken Dragoon began his career as a field engineer in the oil fields of Michigan, entering the electric utility industry after graduate school (MS physics) as a power system planner and analyst in 1982. His affiliation with wind energy began as a utility industry pricing and structuring analyst in 2002, evaluating the cost of providing shaping services for wind energy delivers. Since then he has prepared and followed wind integration studies across the Northwestern States. He has coauthored several papers on wind integration and is an occasional speaker at Utility Wind Integration Group and American Wind Energy Association conferences.

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