Forensic toxicology : principles and concepts / Nicholas T. Lappas, Courtney M. Lappas.

By:

Lappas, Nicholas T, 1943- [author.]

Contributor(s):

Lappas, Courtney M [author.]

Material type: Text

text

Media type:

unmediated

Carrier type:

volume

ISBN:

9780127999678
0127999671

Subject(s):

DDC classification:

614.13 LAP

Holdings
Item type	Current library	Call number	Copy number	Status	Date due	Barcode
Standard Loan	Moylish Library Main Collection	614.13 LAP (Browse shelf(Opens below))	1	Available		39002100628354

Enhanced descriptions from Syndetics:

Forensic Toxicology: Principles and Concepts takes the reader back to the origins of forensic toxicology providing an overview of the largely unchanging principles of the discipline. The text focuses on the major tenets in forensic toxicology, including an introduction to the discipline, fundamentals of forensic toxicology analysis, types of interpretations based on analytical forensic toxicology results, and reporting from the laboratory to the courtroom. Forensic Toxicology also contains appendices covering the principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, immunology and immunological assays, toxicogenomics, and case studies.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Table of contents provided by Syndetics

Preface (p. xv)
Chapter 1 The Development of Forensic Toxicology (p. 1)
1.1 Definitions (p. 1)
1.1.1 Toxicology (p. 1)
1.1.2 Poison (p. 1)
1.1.3 Drug (p. 2)
1.1.4 Forensic Toxicology (p. 2)
1.2 Landmarks in Forensic Toxicology (p. 3)
1.2.1 Early Activity in Toxicology (p. 3)
1.2.2 Arsenic (p. 7)
1.2.3 The LaFarge Affair (p. 14)
1.2.4 The Bocarme Case (p. 16)
1.3 Forensic Toxicology in the United States (p. 18)
1.4 Forensic Toxicology Growing Pains (p. 20)
Review Questions (p. 21)
Application Questions (p. 21)
References (p. 22)
Chapter 2 The Duties and Responsibilities of Forensic Toxicologists (p. 25)
2.1 Analysis (p. 26)
2.1.1 Sample Selection (p. 27)
2.1.2 Storage Periods (p. 28)
2.1.3 Analytical Strategies (p. 29)
2.1.4 Analytical Methods (p. 30)
2.2 Interpretation (p. 31)
2.3 Reporting (p. 32)
2.4 Research (p. 33)
2.5 Ethics (p. 33)
Review Questions (p. 37)
Application Questions (p. 37)
References (p. 37)
Chapter 3 Forensic Toxicology Resources (p. 39)
3.1 Books (p. 40)
3.1.1 Historical Classics (p. 40)
3.1.2 Forensic and Analytical Toxicology (p. 42)
3.1.3 Pharmacology and Toxicology (p. 43)
3.1.4 Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (p. 44)
3.1.5 Miscellaneous Topics (p. 44)
3.2 Journals (p. 44)
3.3 Web Resources (p. 45)
3.4 Professional Organizations (p. 46)
Review Questions (p. 47)
Application Questions (p. 48)
References (p. 48)
Chapter 4 The Laboratory (p. 49)
4.1 Administrative Location of the Laboratory (p. 49)
4.2 Personnel (p. 51)
4.2.1 Chief Toxicologist (p. 52)
4.2.2 Assistant Chief Toxicologist (p. 54)
4.2.3 Toxicologist I and II (p. 54)
4.2.4 Technicians (p. 54)
4.3 Laboratory Design (p. 54)
4.3.1 Analytical Space (p. 55)
4.3.2 Administrative Space (p. 55)
4.3.3 Miscellaneous Space (p. 55)
4.4 Laboratory Equipment (p. 56)
4.5 Laboratory Safety (p. 57)
4.6 Laboratory Security (p. 59)
Review Questions (p. 59)
Application Questions (p. 59)
References (p. 60)
Chapter 5 Analytical Strategy (p. 61)
5.1 Types of Analytical Strategies (p. 61)
5.2 The Common Strategy (p. 64)
5.2.1 Presumptive or Screening Methods (p. 64)
5.2.2 Non-STA Methods (p. 65)
5.2.3 Confirmatory Methods (p. 66)
5.3 Samples (p. 67)
5.4 Analytes (p. 67)
5.4.1 Analytes Included in the STA (p. 67)
5.4.2 Uncommon Analytes (p. 68)
5.4.3 The Changing Analyte Profile (p. 69)
Review Questions (p. 73)
Application Questions (p. 73)
References (p. 74)
Handling (p. 77)
Chapter 6 Sample Handling (p. 77)
6.1 Sample Selection (p. 78)
6.1.1 Criteria for Sample Selection (p. 78)
6.1.2 Number of Samples (p. 80)
6.2 Sample Collection (p. 81)
6.2.1 Implements Used for Sample Collection (p. 81)
6.2.2 Sample Containers (p. 82)
6.2.3 Collection Site (p. 84)
6.2.4 Sample Quantity (p. 85)
6.2.5 Sample Labeling (p. 85)
6.3 Sample Preservation (p. 85)
6.3.1 Decreased Temperature (p. 86)
6.3.2 Inhibitors (p. 86)
6.3.3 PH Alterations (p. 87)
6.3.4 Drying (p. 87)
6.4 Sample Transport (p. 88)
6.5 Sample Acquisition (p. 89)
Review Questions (p. 90)
Application Questions (p. 91)
References (p. 91)
Chapter 7 Storage Stability of Analytes (p. 95)
7.1 Stability Studies (p. 97)
7.1.1 Case Samples (p. 97)
7.1.2 Experimental Samples (p. 98)
7.1.3 Fortified Samples (p. 98)
7.1.4 Interpretation of Stability Studies (p. 99)
7.2 Storage Periods (p. 99)
7.2.1 Storage Period I (p. 99)
7.2.2 Storage Periods II and III (p. 102)
7.3 Ethanol (p. 102)
7.3.1 Storage Period I (p. 103)
7.3.2 Storage Periods II and III (p. 103)
7.4 Opioids (p. 104)
7.5 Cocaine (p. 105)
7.6 Cannabinoids (p. 106)
7.7 Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (p. 107)
Review Questions (p. 107)
Application Questions (p. 107)
References (p. 108)
Chapter 8 Analytical Samples (p. 113)
8.1 Blood (p. 113)
8.2 Urine (p. 117)
8.3 Breath (p. 120)
8.4 Vitreous Humor (p. 120)
8.5 Hair (p. 121)
8.6 Oral Fluid (p. 123)
8.7 Nails (p. 124)
8.8 Sweat (p. 125)
8.9 Gastric Contents (p. 125)
8.10 Liver (p. 126)
8.11 Bile (p. 126)
8.12 Brain (p. 127)
8.13 Lung (p. 128)
8.14 Adipose Tissue (p. 128)
8.15 Bone and Bone Marrow (p. 129)
8.16 Skeletal Muscle (p. 129)
8.17 Breast Milk (p. 129)
8.18 Neonatal Samples (p. 130)
8.19 Miscellaneous Human Samples (p. 130)
8.20 Nonhuman Samples (p. 130)
8.20.1 Insects (p. 130)
8.20.2 Soil (p. 132)
8.20.3 Household and Personal Samples (p. 132)
Review Questions (p. 133)
Application Questions (p. 133)
References (p. 133)
Chapter 9 Sample Preparation (p. 143)
9.1 Decontamination (p. 144)
9.2 Physical Alteration (p. 145)
9.3 Protein Removal (p. 145)
9.4 Fat Removal (p. 146)
9.5 Hydrolysis (p. 147)
9.6 Extraction (p. 147)
9.7 Volatilization (p. 147)
9.8 Liquid-Liquid Extraction (p. 148)
9.8.1 PH (p. 149)
9.8.2 Solvent Characteristics (p. 151)
9.8.3 Volume of Solvent (p. 153)
9.8.4 Ionic Strength (p. 153)
9.8.5 A Prototypical Extraction Protocol (p. 154)
9.9 Solid-Phase Extraction (p. 156)
9.10 Solid-Phase Microextraction (p. 157)
9.11 Miscellaneous Extraction Techniques (p. 158)
Review Questions (p. 158)
Application Questions (p. 158)
References (p. 159)
Chapter 10 Methods of Detection, Identification, and Quantitation (p. 161)
10.1 Criteria for the Selection of Methods (p. 161)
10.1.1 Purpose of the Analysis (p. 162)
10.1.2 Limits of Detection and Quantitation (p. 162)
10.1.3 Specificity (p. 164)
10.1.4 Competence of the Analyst (p. 165)
10.1.5 Reliability (p. 166)
10.2 Methods of Detection, Identification, and Quantitation (p. 167)
10.3 Color Tests (Spot Tests) (p. 167)
10.4 Volatilization (p. 168)
10.5 Immunoassays (p. 168)
10.6 Chromatography (p. 171)
10.7 Thin-Layer Chromatography (p. 172)
10.8 Gas Chromatography (p. 172)
10.9 Liquid Chromatography (p. 174)
10.10 Mass Spectrometry (p. 175)
10.11 Additional Methods (p. 176)
Review Questions (p. 177)
Application Questions (p. 178)
References (p. 178)
Chapter 11 Quality Assurance and Quality Control (p. 183)
11.1 Introduction (p. 185)
11.2 Records (p. 185)
11.3 Methods Validation (p. 187)
11.4 Control Methods (p. 189)
11.5 Proficiency Testing (p. 191)
11.6 Analyst Competence (p. 193)
11.7 Security (p. 194)
11.8 Accreditation (p. 194)
11.9 Additional Resources (p. 195)
Review Questions (p. 196)
Application Questions (p. 196)
References (p. 196)
Chapter 12 Types of Interpretations (p. 199)
12.1 Introduction (p. 199)
12.2 Reasoning in Forensic Toxicology Interpretation (p. 200)
12.3 Nonanalytical Case-Related Evidence (p. 201)
12.3.1 Medical History (p. 201)
12.3.2 Investigative Reports (p. 201)
12.4 Interpretations (p. 202)
12.5 Was a Person Exposed to a Specific Drug? (p. 202)
12.6 Was the Presence of the Detected Drug Due to Intentional or Unintentional Use? (p. 205)
12.6.1 Unintentional Passive Inhalation (p. 206)
12.6.2 Unintentional Oral Exposure (p. 207)
12.7 What Was the Size of the Dose? (p. 208)
12.8 What Was the Rome of Administration? (p. 210)
12.9 What Was the Elapsed Time between the Last Dose and Sample Collection? (p. 210)
12.10 Was the Subject a Naive or a Chronic User? (p. 211)
12.11 Was the Presence of an Analyte Consistent with "Old" Use or "New" Use? (p. 212)
12.12 Is the Presence or Concentration of an Analyte a Violation of a Statute or Regulation? (p. 213)
12.13 Did the Drug or Chemical Cause or Contribute to an Adverse Event? (p. 213)
12.13.1 Correlating Effects with Analyte Concentrations in Blood (p. 213)
12.13.2 Correlating Effects with Analyte Concentrations in Samples Other than Blood (p. 214)
12.14 Factors that Influence the Interpretation of Analyte Concentrations (p. 217)
12.14.1 Tolerance (p. 218)
12.14.2 Postmortem Redistribution (p. 219)
12.14.3 Age-Related Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (p. 222)
Review Questions (p. 223)
Application Questions (p. 224)
References (p. 224)
Chapter 13 Reports (p. 229)
13.1 Laboratory Reports (p. 229)
13.1.1 The Minimum Report (p. 229)
13.1.2 Additional Information (p. 230)
13.2 Expert Reports (p. 233)
Review Questions (p. 234)
Application Questions (p. 234)
References (p. 234)
Chapter 14 Testifying (p. 235)
14.1 Preliminaries (p. 235)
14.1.1 Getting to the Courthouse (p. 235)
14.1.2 Waiting to Testify (p. 235)
14.1.3 Entering the Courtroom (p. 236)
14.1.4 Being Sworn in (p. 236)
14.1.5 Voir Dire (p. 236)
14.2 Qualification of the Expert Witness (p. 237)
14.3 Admissibility of Scientific Testimony (p. 239)
14.3.1 Frye v. United States (p. 239)
14.3.2 People v. Williams (p. 239)
14.3.3 Coppolino v. State (p. 240)
14.3.4 Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc (p. 240)
14.4 Expert Testimony (p. 241)
14.4.1 Be Prepared (p. 243)
14.4.2 Develop a Line of Questioning Prior to Trial (p. 244)
14.5 The Dos and Don'ts of Expert Testifying (p. 244)
14.5.1 Tell the Truth (p. 244)
14.5.2 Do What the Judge Says (p. 246)
14.5.3 Be Professional (p. 246)
14.5.4 Attempt to Educate the Jury (p. 247)
14.5.5 Answer the Question (p. 250)
14.5.6 Use Proper Language (p. 251)
14.5.7 Beware of "Trick" Questions (p. 252)
Review Questions (p. 253)
Application Questions (p. 253)
References (p. 254)
Appendix A Principles of Pharmacokinetics (p. 255)
Appendix B Principles of Pharmacodynamics (p. 275)
Appendix C Immunoassays (p. 295)
Appendix D Toxicogenomics (p. 309)
Appendix E Famous Cases in Forensic Toxicology (p. 319)
Glossary (p. 339)
Index (p. 347)

Author notes provided by Syndetics

Dr. Nicholas T. Lappas, an Associate Professor in the Department of Forensic Sciences at the George Washington University, has extensive experience and demonstrated expertise in both the teaching and practice of forensic toxicology. In 1975, Dr. Lappas, was one of the first two full time faculty members appointed to the faculty of the Department of Forensic Sciences at the George Washington University. Prior to this appointment, he was a forensic toxicologist in the Allegheny Coroner's Office in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. At GWU, he developed the MFS program in forensic toxicology, through which he has mentored hundreds of students and taught several graduate courses, including Forensic Toxicology, Analytical Toxicology, Medicinal Chemistry and Forensic Serology. Dr. Lappas' research interests have been focused on the development of analytical toxicology methods and the evaluation of factors that influence the interpretation of analytical toxicology results. His professional activities include serving as a forensic toxicology consultant in more than 500 criminal and civil cases and as an expert witness in more than 100 cases.

Dr. Courtney M. Lappas, an Associate Professor of Biology at Lebanon Valley College, has extensive experience teaching and mentoring undergraduate students while maintaining an active research program. An Immunopharmacologist, Dr. Lappas teaches Molecular Biology, Immunology and General Biology. Previously a Fellow at the National Institutes of Health, Dr. Lappas' research interests are translational in nature and focus on the utilization of novel pharmacological tools in the treatment and/or prevention of immunological pathologies.