Hydrostatic transmissions and actuators : operation, modelling and applications / Gustavo K. Costa, Nariman Sepehri

Enhanced descriptions from Syndetics:

Hydrostatic Transmissions and Actuators takes a pedagogical approach and begins with an overview of the subject, providing basic definitions and introducing fundamental concepts. Hydrostatic transmissions and hydrostatic actuators are then examined in more detail with coverage of pumps and motors, hydrostatic solutions to single-rod actuators, energy management and efficiency and dynamic response. Consideration is also given to current and emerging applications of hydrostatic transmissions and actuators in automobiles, mobile equipment, wind turbines, wave energy harvesting and airplanes. End of chapter exercises and real world industrial examples are included throughout and a companion website hosting a solution manual is also available.

Hydrostatic Transmissions and Actuators is an up to date and comprehensive textbook suitable for courses on fluid power systems and technology, and mechatronics systems design.

Table of contents provided by Syndetics

• Preface (p. xiii)
• Acknowledgements (p. xvii)
• About the Companion Website (p. xix)
• 1 Introduction to Power Transmission (p. 1)
• 1.1 Transmission Ratio (p. 1)
• 1.1.1 Generalities (p. 1)
• 1.1.2 Definition (p. 3)
• 1.1.3 Classification (p. 3)
• 1.2 Mechanical Transmissions (p. 4)
• 1.2.1 Gear Trains (p. 4)
• 1.2.2 Gearboxes (p. 6)
• 1.2.3 Efficiency (p. 8)
• 1.2.4 Continuously and Infinitely Variable Transmissions (p. 11)
• 1.3 Hydraulic Transmissions (p. 15)
• 1.4 Hydrostatic Transmissions (p. 19)
• 1.4.1 Operational Principles (p. 19)
• 1.4.2 Formal Definition of Hydrostatic Transmissions (p. 32)
• 1.4.3 Classification of Hydrostatic Transmissions (p. 34)
• 1.4.4 Efficiency Considerations (p. 40)
• 1.5 Hydromechanical Power-Split Transmissions (p. 40)
• 1.5.1 General Classification (p. 41)
• 7.5.1 Transmission Ratio (p. 42)
• 7.5.2 Lockup Point (p. 44)
• 1.5.4 Power Relations (p. 44)
• 1.6 Mechanical and Hydrostatic Actuators (p. 51)
• 7.6.1 Mechanical Actuators (p. 51)
• 1.6.1 Hydrostatic Actuators (p. 52)
• 1.6.3 Hydrostatic Actuation Versus Valve Control (p. 53)
• 1.6.4 Multiple Cylinder Actuators (p. 55)
• Exercises (p. 56)
• References (p. 57)
• 2 Fundamentals of Fluid Flows in Hydrostatic Transmissions (p. 59)
• 2.1 Fluid Properties (p. 59)
• 2.1.1 Viscosity (p. 59)
• 2.1.2 Compressibility (p. 64)
• 2.2 Fluid Flow in Hydraulic Circuits (p. 79)
• 2.2.7 Flow Regimes (p. 79)
• 2.2.2 Internal Flow in Conduits (p. 81)
• 2.2.3 Flow Through Orifices (p. 85)
• 2.2.4 Leakage Flow in Pumps and Motors (p. 87)
• 2.2.5 Other Loss Models (p. 93)
• Exercises (p. 94)
• References (p. 96)
• 3 Hydrostatic Pumps and Motors (p. 98)
• 3.1 Hydrostatic and Hydrodynamic Pumps and Motors (p. 98)
• 3.2 Hydrostatic Machine Output (p. 102)
• 3.2.1 Average Input-Output Relations (p. 102)
• 3.2.2 Instantaneous Pump Output (p. 104)
• 3.2.3 Instantaneous Motor Output (p. 112)
• 3.2.4 Further Efficiency Considerations (p. 116)
• 3.3 Hydrostatic Pump and Motor Types (p. 117)
• 3.3.1 Radial Piston Pumps and Motors (p. 117)
• 3.3.2 Axial Piston Pumps and Motors (p. 119)
• 3.3.3 Gear Pumps and Motors (p. 128)
• 3.3.4 Vane Pumps and Motors (p. 130)
• 3.3.5 Digital Displacement Pumps and Motors (p. 131)
• 3.4 Energy Losses at Steady-State Operation (p. 135)
• 3.4.1 Energy Balances (p. 135)
• 3.4.2 Overall Efficiencies (p. 138)
• 3.4.3 Simplified Efficiency Equations (p. 138)
• 3.4.4 Efficiency Relations (p. 139)
• 3.5 Modelling Pump and Motor Efficiencies (p. 141)
• 3.5.1 Performance Curves (p. 141)
• 3.5.2 Volumetric Efficiency Modelling (p. 144)
• 3.5.3 Overall Efficiency Modelling (p. 154)
• 3.5.4 Mechanical Efficiency (p. 160)
• Exercises (p. 162)
• References (p. 164)
• 4 Basic Hydrostatic Transmission Design (p. 166)
• 4.1 General Considerations (p. 166)
• 4.1.1 Output Speed Control (p. 166)
• 4.1.2 Transmission Losses (p. 167)
• 4.2 Hydrostatic Transmission Efficiency (p. 168)
• 4.2.1 Energy Balance (p. 169)
• 4.2.2 Conduit Efficiency (p. 171)
• 4.2.3 Minor Pressure Losses (p. 173)
• 4.2.4 Practical Application (p. 176)
• 4.3 Transmission Output (p. 183)
• 4.4 Steady-State Design Applications (p. 184)
• 4.4.1 Case Study 1. Fixed-Displacement Motor and Variable-Displacement Pump (p. 185)
• 4.4.2 Case Study 2. Fixed-Displacement Pump and Variable-Displacement Motor (p. 192)
• 4.5 External Leakages and Charge Circuit (p. 198)
• 4.6 Heat Losses and Cooling (p. 201)
• 4.6.1 Sizing of the Heat Exchanger (p. 201)
• 4.6.2 Loop Flushing (p. 203)
• Exercises (p. 204)
• References (p. 205)
• 5 Dynamic Analysis of Hydrostatic Transmissions (p. 207)
• 5.1 Introduction (p. 207)
• 5.1.1 Pressure Surges during Transients (p. 208)
• 5.1.2 Mechanical Vibrations and Noise (p. 211)
• 5.1.3 Natural Circuit Oscillations (p. 214)
• 5.1.4 Resonance and Beating (p. 217)
• 5.1.5 Summary (p. 219)
• 5.2 Modelling and Simulation (p. 219)
• 5.2.7 Basic Equations (p. 220)
• 5.2.2 Case Study 1. Purely Inertial Load with a Step Input (p. 223)
• 5.2.3 Case Study 2. Variable Pump Flow (p. 231)
• Exercises (p. 240)
• References (p. 241)
• 6 Hydrostatic Actuators (p. 243)
• 6.1 Introductory Concepts (p. 243)
• 6.1.1 Circuit Operational Quadrants (p. 243)
• 6.7.1 Energy Management (p. 244)
• 6.1.1 Cylinder Stiffness (p. 245)
• 6.1.2 Double-Rod and Single-Rod Actuators (p. 245)
• 6.2 Hydrostatic Actuator Circuits (p. 247)
• 6.2.1 Design 1. Dual-Pump, Open-Circuit, Displacement-Controlled Actuator (p. 247)
• 6.2.2 Design 2. Dual-Pump, Closed-Circuit, Displacement-Controlled Actuator (p. 249)
• 6.2.3 Design 3. Dual-Pump Electrohydrostatic Actuator with Accumulators (p. 251)
• 6.2.4 Design 4. Circuit with an Inline Hydraulic Transformer (p. 253)
• 6.2.5 Design 5. Single-Pump Circuit with a Directional Valve (p. 257)
• 6.2.6 Design 6. Single-Pump Circuit with Pilot-Operated Check Valves (p. 260)
• 6.2.7 Design 7. Single-Pump Circuit with Inline Check Valves (p. 263)
• 6.2.8 Design S. Energy Storage Circuit (p. 267)
• 6.2.9 Design 9. Double-Rod Actuator (p. 273)
• 6.3 Common Pressure Rail and Hydraulic Transformers (p. 275)
• Exercises (p. 281)
• References (p. 282)
• 7 Dynamic Analysis of Hydrostatic Actuators (p. 283)
• 7.1 Introduction (p. 283)
• 7.2 Mathematical Model (p. 284)
• 7.2.1 Basic Equations (p. 284)
• 7.2.2 Cylinder Friction (p. 288)
• 7.2.3 Pilot-Operated Check Valves (p. 294)
• 7.3 Case Study (p. 298)
• 7.3.1 Determination of the Pump Flow Period (p. 299)
• 7.3.2 Numerical Simulation (p. 300)
• Exercises (p. 304)
• References (p. 306)
• 8 Practical Applications (p. 307)
• 8.1 Infinitely Variable Transmissions in Vehicles (p. 307)
• 8.2 Heavy Mobile Equipment (p. 310)
• 8.3 Hybrid Vehicles (p. 313)
• 8.3.1 Definition (p. 315)
• 8.3.2 Electric Hybrids (p. 315)
• 8.3.3 Hydraulic Hybrids (p. 316)
• 8.3.4 CPR-Based Hybrids (p. 321)
• 8.4 Wind Turbines (p. 323)
• 8.4.1 Asynchronous Generators (p. 324)
• 8.4.2 Synchronous Generators (p. 326)
• 8.4.3 General Aspects of Power Transmission in Wind Turbines (p. 328)
• 8.4.4 Hydrostatic Transmission in Wind Turbines (p. 329)
• 8.5 Wave Energy Extraction (p. 331)
• 8.6 Aeronautical Applications (p. 334)
• References (p. 336)
• Appendix A Hydraulic Symbols (p. 339)
• Appendix B Mathematics Review (p. 345)
• B.1 The Nabla Operator (V) (p. 345)
• B.2 Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) (p. 346)
• B.2.1 General Aspects and Definitions for ODEs (p. 347)
• B.2.2 The Laplace Transform Method (p. 351)
• References (p. 360)
• Appendix C Fluid Dynamics Equations (p. 361)
• C.1 Introduction (p. 361)
• C.2 Fluid Stresses and Distortion Rates (p. 363)
• C.3 Differential Fluid Dynamics Equations (p. 365)
• C.3.1 Conservation of Mass (p. 365)
• C.3.2 Conservation of Momentum (p. 367)
• C.3.3 Navier-Stokes Equations in Cylindrical Coordinates (p. 370)
• C.4 Control Volume Analysis (p. 371)
• C.4.1 The Reynolds Transport Theorem (p. 371)
• C.4.2 Mass and Momentum Conservation (p. 373)
• C.4.3 Conservation of Energy (p. 375)
• References (p. 378)
• Index (p. 379)

Author notes provided by Syndetics

Gustavo Koury Costa graduated in 1992 with a bachelor degree in Mechanical Engineering and has been teaching Fluid Power for 19 years at his current institution. He also holds a Doctorate degree in Computational Fluid Dynamics, having spent one year as a Postdoctoral Fellow AM ha University of Manitoba Fluid Power and Tele-Robotics Research Laboratory.
Nariman Sepehri is a professor in Mechanical Engineering. He holds five patents and has published over 100 journal articles on various aspects of fluid power, including systems, manipulation, diagnosis and control. His current research focuses on self-healing, energy-efficient and reliable fluid power systems with applications to aircraft, hydraulic tele-manipulators and off highway equipment. He is a Fellow and has served as Chair of the Fluid Power Systems and Technology Division of the American Society o' Mechanical Engineers (ASME). He has served on editorial boards of eight journals including the International Journal of Fluid Power.