Politeness : some universals in language usage / Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson.

Enhanced descriptions from Syndetics:

This study is about the principles for constructing polite speeches. The core of it first appeared in Questions and Politeness, edited by Esther N. Goody (now out of print). It is here reissued with a fresh introduction that surveys the considerable literature in linguistics, psychology and the social sciences that the original extended essay stimulated, and suggests distinct directions for research. The authors describe and account for some remarkable parallelisms in the linguistic construction of utterances with which people express themselves in different languages and cultures. A motive for these parallels is isolated and a universal model is constructed outlining the abstract principles underlying polite usages. This is based on the detailed study of three unrelated languages and cultures: the Tamil of South India, the Tzeltal spoken by Mayan Indians in Chiapas, Mexico, and the English of the USA and England. This volume will be of special interest to students in linguistic pragmatics, sociolinguistics, applied linguistics, anthropology, and the sociology and social psychology of interaction.

Table of contents provided by Syndetics

• Symbols and abbreviations
• Foreword
• Introduction to the reissue
• Notes
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Summarized argument
• 3 The argument: intuitive bases and derivative definitions
• 4 On the nature of the model
• 5 Realizations of politeness strategies in language
• 6 Derivative hypotheses
• 7 Sociological implications
• 8 Implications for language studies
• 9 Conclusions
• Notes
• References
• Author index
• Subject index