Auditory scene analysis : the perceptual organization of sound / Albert S. Bregman.

Enhanced descriptions from Syndetics:

Auditory Scene Analysis addresses the problem of hearing complex auditory environments, using a series of creative analogies to describe the process required of the human auditory system as it analyzes mixtures of sounds to recover descriptions of individual sounds. In a unified and comprehensive way, Bregman establishes a theoretical framework that integrates his findings with an unusually wide range of previous research in psychoacoustics, speech perception, music theory and composition, and computer modeling.

Table of contents provided by Syndetics

• Preface
• The Auditory Scene
• Historical Difference between Auditory and Visual Perception
• The Problem of Scene Analysis
• Objects Compared to Streams
• The Principle of Exclusive Allocation
• Two Comparisons of Scene Analysis in Vision and Audition
• Auditory Streaming and Apparent Motion
• Gestalt Grouping Explanation
• Auditory Streaming versus Apparent Motion
• Scene-Analysis Explanation
• Closure and Belongingness
• Sequential versus Spectral Organization
• Perceptual Decomposition of Complex Sounds
• Horizontal and Vertical Processes of Organization
• Types of Explanation of These Phenomena
• Scene-Analysis View Prevents Missing of Vision-Audition Differences
• Differences in the Ecology of Vision and Audition
• Primitive versus Schema-Based Stream Segregation
• Verification Of The Theory
• Summary
• Sequential Integration
• Auditory Stream Segregation
• An Experiment with Artificial Words
• Previous Knowledge of the Streaming Phenomenon
• Early Scientific Observation
• Methodology for the Study of Stream Segregation
• Rationale for Recycled Sequences
• How to Measure Streaming
• List of Measures That Have Been Used
• Method of Adjustment.
• Method of Limits.
• Proportion of Time Integrated and Segregated.
• Rating Scale for Fixed Presentations.
• Pattern Recognition.
• Rhythm Changes.
• Drawing or Writing Down What You Hear.
• Judgment of the Order of Elements in a Repeating Sequence.
• Counting Tones.
• Factors Influencing Stream Segregation
• Frequency Separation and Rate
• What Property of Time Intervals Influences Streaming?
• What Are The Elements?
• How to Define Onsets
• Hierarchy of Time Scales with Properties Computed at Each
• Spatial Location
• Stream Segregation Based on Spatial Location
• Switching Signals between the Ears
• Spectral Frequency and Fundamental Frequency
• Timbre
• The Problem of the Definition of Timbre
• Nonanalytical Studies of Grouping by Timbre
• Brightness and Timbre
• Two Kinds of Spectral Constancy
• Beyond the Study of Steady-State Tones
• What Remains to Be Studied
• Timbre Space or Single Properties? Metameric Timbre
• Multidimensional Timbre Space
• Amplitude Differences
• Cumulative Effects Of Repetitions
• Explanations of the Cumulation Effect
• Continuity
• Trajectory-Based Integration
• Effects Of Streaming
• Focusing on the Stream as a Unit
• Computation of Within-Stream Emergent Properties
• Temporal Relations
• Recognition of Order
• Why Effects of Streaming on Order Perception Are Not Always Clear
• Other Measures of Temporal Relations
• Generation of Within-Stream Rhythms
• Perception of Overlap
• Effects on Gap Discrimination
• Effects on Apparent Rate
• Conclusions about the Effects on Temporal Relations
• Complete Loss of Across-Stream Information?
• Competition among Alternative Organizations
• Belongingness
• Experimental Data on Competition
• Validity of Competition
• Limitation of the Principle of Exclusive Allocation
• Summary of Effects of Streaming
• Stream Segregation and Vision
• Similarities with Vision
• Interactions with Vision
• Theoretical Explanations of Stream Segregation
• Scene Analysis and Other Forms of Explanation
• Physiological Hypotheses
• Functional Explanation
• Mechanistic Forms of Explanation
• Local Rules
• Global Rules
• 1 Proximity.
• 2 Similarity.
• 3 Good Continuation and Completion.
• 4 Organization.
• 5 Context.
• 6 Belongingness.
• 7 The Perceptual Field.
• 8 Innateness and Automaticity.
• Hierarchies in Auditory Organization
• Relation to Other Psychological Mechanisms: Attention
• Teleological Approach
• Formal versus Informal Theorizing
• Integration of Simultaneous Auditory Components
• A Miniature Scene-Analysis Problem
• Factors Influencing Integration of Simultaneous Components
• The "Old-Plus-New" Heuristic
• Spectral Relations
• Properties of the Harmonics
• Harmonic Relations (Harmonicity) in Complex Tones
• Models of the Pitch-Analysis Process
• Theories of Pitch Analysis
• Listening to Inharmonic Partials
• Fusion and Segregation of Simultaneous Complexes
• Common Fate (AM and FM)
• FM: Parallel Changes in the Frequency of Partials
• Micromodulation
• Glides
• AM: Common Amplitude Change at Different Spectral Locations
• Onset-Offset Asynchrony
• Common Periodicity (AM) at Different Spectral Locations
• Amplitude Modulation of Subsets of Partials
• Comparison of AM and FM Effects
• Correlation of Auditory with Visual Changes
• Summary of Effects of Common Fate
• Spatial Correspondence
• Evidence That Ear Comparisons Must Be Frequency Specific
• Computer Programs That Use Spatial Correspondence
• Interaction with Other Cues in Determining Grouping
• Contribution of Perceptual Grouping to Perceived Location
• Interaction with Sequential Integration
• Interaction with Cues for Spectral Fusion
• Conclusion: Classical versus Organizational Cues
• Other Factors Affecting Fusion of Simultaneous Components
• Comparison between Fusion and Masking
• Comodulation Release from Masking
• Meaning of These Findings for Biology
• Perceptual Results of Simultaneous Integration and Segregation
• Examples of Within-Stream Computation of Properties
• Within-Stream Temporal Properties
• Streaming Rules
• Pitch
• Timbre
• Vowels
• Consonance and Dissonance
• What Is the Default Condition: Fusion or Decomposition?
• Reallocation of Intensity and Timbre Information
• The Consequences of Simultaneous/Sequential Competition
• Apparent Continuity and Contralateral Induction
• The Continuity Illusion
• Rules Governing the Generative Process
• The "No Discontinuity in A" Rule
• The "Sufficiency of Evidence" Rule
• The "A1-A2 Grouping" Rule
• The "A Is Not B" Rule
• The "Old-Plus-New" Heuristic
• Examples Examined in the Light of Theory
• Continuity of Words and Musical Scales
• Integration as the Default Condition in the Auditory System
• Duration of the Softer Tone
• The "Roll" Effect
• Comparison with Vision
• Contralateral Induction
• Summary
• Schema-Based Segregation and Integration
• Nature of Primitive and Schema-Based Organization
• Properties That May Distinguish the Two Systems
• How Do We Know They Should Be Distinguished?
• Does Learning Affect Streaming?
• Do Regular Patterns Form More Coherent Streams?
• Jones' Rhythmic Theory of Attention
• Does the Auditory System Track and Project Trajectories?
• Evidence That the System Does Not Project Trajectories
• Evidence That the System Projects Trajectories
• Trajectory-Based Integration of Streams
• Order of Unidirectional Sequences Is Easier to Report
• Results Explainable by Other Factors
• Comparison with Vision
• "Is Auditory Attention Inherently Rhythmical?"
• Regularity of Rhythm: Does It Promote Segregation?
• Evidence That Rhythm Favors Segregation
• Segregation Occurs with Temporally Irregular Sequences
• "Are Streams Created by Attention?"
• Auditory Organization in Music
• Musical Scene Analysis
• Melody
• Coherence of Melodies
• Phenomenal Dependency Based on Timing
• Effects of Melodic Absorption on Perceived Pitch
• Timbre (Cause and Effect)
• Timbre as Cause of Segregation
• The Description of Timbre
• Dimensional Approach to Timbre
• Timbre as the Result of Fusion
• Vertical Coherence and Counterpoint
• Segregation and Masking in Musical Ensembles
• Counterpoint
• Distinctness of Voices
• Spatial Separation
• Counterpoint and Dissonance
• Physical Causes of Dissonance
• How the Control of Roughness Can Be Accomplished
• Polyrhythm
• Polytonality
• Potential Offered by Synthesis Techniques
• Automatic Recognition
• Summary
• Auditory Organization in Speech Perception
• Sequential Organization of Speech Sounds
• Continuity of the Fundamental
• Spectral Continuity
• Spatial Continuity
• Are These Acoustic Continuities Enough?
• Simultaneous Organization
• Role of Harmonic Relations and F0
• Two- Voice Research
• Split-Formant Research
• Harmonics in Nonoverlapping Frequency Ranges
• Scene Analysis in the Defining of Formants
• Computer Models for Segregation of Two Voices
• Common-Fate Cues
• Summary of Findings with Nonspeech Sounds
• Correlated Frequency Changes
• Frequency Modulation of Harmonics
• Segregation by Independent Movement of Formant Center Frequency?
• Correlated Amplitude Changes
• Sequential Capturing (Onset and Offset Asynchrony)
• Asynchronous Onsets Can Be Integrated
• Spatial Location Cues
• Segregation of Formants
• The Principle of Exclusive Allocation in Scene Analysis
• Claims and Facts about Duplex Perception of Speech
• Problems with the Claim that Speech Is Exempt from Scene Analysis
• When Is Exclusive Allocation Violated?
• Examples Involving Speech
• Multiple Allocation of Evidence with Nonspeech Sounds
• Music
• Violations That Do Not Involve Competition among Major Subsystems
• Violations with Pure-Tone Stimuli
• DPS Is Not Immune from Low-Level Organizational Factors
• Explanations of Violations of Exclusive Allocation
• How Unusual Is the Sharing of Evidence?
• Role of Schemas
• Two-Component Theory: Links and Schemas
• Piecewise Verification of the Theory
• Summary and Conclusions: What We Do and Do Not Know about Auditory Scene Analysis
• Summary of Previous Chapters
• Primitive Auditory Scene Analysis
• Sequential Integration: Auditory Stream Segregation
• Factors Influencing Stream Segregation
• Timbre
• Summary of Factors Promoting Sequential Grouping
• Effects of Stream Segregation
• Spectral Integration
• Factors Influencing Spectral Integration
• The Continuity Illusion and Contralateral Induction
• The "no discontinuity in A" rule.
• The "sufficiency of evidence" rule.
• The "A1-A2 grouping" rule.
• The "A is not B" rule.
• Schema-Based Stream Segregation
• Nature of Primitive and Schema-Based Organization
• Tests of the Existence of a Primitive Process
• Does Sequential Grouping Take Advantage of Trajectories?
• Primitive Auditory Organization in Music
• Role of Primitive Organization in Music
• Melody
• Timbre
• Auditory Organization in Speech
• Sequential Organization of Speech Sounds
• Simultaneous Organization of Speech Sounds
• Duplex Perception and the Problem of Exclusive Allocation
• Directions for the Future
• Practical Applications
• Notes
• Glossary
• Bibliography
• Index