Electronic waste management: design, analysis and application [vol. 27] / editors, R.E. Hester and R.M. Harrison.

Enhanced descriptions from Syndetics:

Electronic waste includes such items as TVs, computers, LCD and plasma displays, and mobile phones, as well as a wide range of household, medical and industrial equipment which are simply discarded as new technologies become available. Huge and growing quantities of waste are discarded every year and this waste contains toxic and carcinogenic compounds which can pose a risk to the environment. However, if handled correctly, electronic waste presents a valuable source of secondary raw materials. This book brings together a group of leading experts in the management of electrical and electronic waste to provide an up-to-date review of the scale of the waste problem, the impact of recent legislation such as the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE) and the "restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment" directive (RoHS), and of current and future methods for treatment, recycling and disposal of this waste. The book discusses these latest directives, examines current worldwide legislation and considers the opportunities and threats posed by this form of waste. While the emphasis is on European practice, comparisons with other countries such as the USA, Japan and China are made. The book deals with the full range of waste management issues, including recycling and recovery of materials, design considerations for waste minimisation, and contains a wide variety of illustrative case studies eg: LCD displays. With detailed and comprehensive coverage of the subject matter it also contains an extensive bibliography with each chapter. Key chapters cover areas such as: -electronic waste -materials -EU directives -landfill and incineration -recycling and recovery -'cradle to grave' design considerations -engineering thermoplastics It is essential reading for all involved with electrical and electronic waste management through its comprehensive review of recent EU legislation and the subsequent impact on manufacturers and users of electronic equipment.

Table of contents provided by Syndetics

• Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview
• 1 Introduction (p. 1)
• 2 WEEE - The Scale of the Problem (p. 4)
• 3 Legislative Influences on Electronics Recycling (p. 4)
• 3.1 Producer Responsibility Legislation (p. 4)
• 3.2 The WEEE Directive (p. 6)
• 3.3 The RoHS Directive (p. 7)
• 3.4 Other Examples of Legislation (p. 8)
• 4 Treatment Options for WEEE (p. 10)
• 5 Material Composition of WEEE (p. 11)
• 6 Socio-economic Factors (p. 13)
• 7 Logistics of WEEE (p. 15)
• 8 WEEE - the International Perspective (p. 18)
• 8.1 European Perspective (p. 18)
• 8.2 Japan (p. 20)
• 9 Barriers to Recycling of WEEE (p. 24)
• 10 The Recycling Hierarchy and Markets for Recyclate (p. 25)
• 11 WEEE Health and Safety Implications (p. 30)
• 12 Future Factors That May Influence Electronic Waste Management (p. 35)
• 13 Summary and Conclusions (p. 37)
• References and Further Reading (p. 37)
• Chapter 2 Materials Used in Manufacturing Electrical and Electronic Products
• 1 Perspective (p. 40)
• 2 Impact of Legislation on Materials Used in Electronics (p. 40)
• 2.1 Overview (p. 40)
• 2.2 The RoHS Directive and Proscribed Materials (p. 42)
• 3 Where do RoHS Proscribed Materials Occur? (p. 44)
• 3.1 Lead (p. 44)
• 3.2 Brominated Flame Retardants (p. 44)
• 3.3 Cadmium, Mercury and Hexavalent Chromium (p. 45)
• 4 Soldering and the Move to Lead-free Assembly (p. 46)
• 4.1 Introduction (p. 46)
• 4.2 Lead-free Solder Choices (p. 46)
• 5 Printed Circuit Board Materials (p. 47)
• 5.1 Introduction (p. 47)
• 5.2 PCB Materials (p. 48)
• 5.3 Provision of Flame Retardancy in PCBs (p. 50)
• 5.4 Non-ferrous and Precious Metals (p. 52)
• 6 Encapsulants of Electronic Components (p. 53)
• 7 Indium Tin Oxide and LCD Screens (p. 54)
• 8 Polymeric Materials in Enclosures, Casings and Panels (p. 55)
• 8.1 Product-related Plastic Content (p. 55)
• 9 WEEE Engineering Thermoplastics (p. 59)
• 9.1 Polycarbonate (PC) (p. 59)
• 9.2 ABS (Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene) (p. 61)
• 9.3 High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) (p. 62)
• 9.4 Polyphenyleneoxide (PPO) (p. 62)
• 9.5 PC/ABS Blends (p. 62)
• 9.6 Flame Retardants in Engineering Thermoplastics (p. 63)
• 10 Materials Composition of WEEE (p. 65)
• 10.1 Introduction (p. 65)
• 10.2 Mobile Phones (p. 66)
• 10.3 Televisions (p. 68)
• 10.4 Washing Machines (p. 71)
• 11 Conclusions (p. 72)
• References (p. 73)
• Chapter 3 Dumping, Burning and Landfill
• 1 Introduction (p. 75)
• 1.1 England: Site Inputs 2002-2003 (p. 77)
• 1.2 Waste Inputs to Different Management Options in 2005 (p. 77)
• 2 Landfill (p. 77)
• 2.1 Historical (p. 77)
• 2.2 Pollution from Landfills (p. 79)
• 2.3 Landfill Gas (p. 79)
• 2.4 Leachate (p. 79)
• 2.5 Landfill-site Construction (p. 80)
• 3 Burning (p. 82)
• 3.1 Historical (p. 82)
• 3.2 Incineration (p. 82)
• 3.3 Mass Burn (p. 82)
• 3.4 Energy Recovery/Energy from Waste (EFW) (p. 83)
• 3.5 Advanced Thermal Processing (p. 84)
• 3.6 Pollution from Incineration (p. 85)
• 4 Legislation Summary (p. 88)
• 4.1 Current UK Legislation (p. 88)
• References (p. 89)
• Chapter 4 Recycling and Recovery
• 1 Introduction (p. 91)
• 2 Separation and Sorting (p. 92)
• 3 Treatment (p. 92)
• 3.1 Mixed WEEE (p. 93)
• 3.2 Refrigeration Equipment (p. 95)
• 3.3 Cathode Ray Tubes (p. 96)
• 3.4 Individual Processes (p. 97)
• 4 Outputs and Markets (p. 102)
• 4.1 Metals (p. 103)
• 4.2 Glass (p. 103)
• 4.3 Plastics (p. 103)
• 5 Emerging Technologies (p. 104)
• 5.1 Separation (p. 104)
• 5.2 Thermal Treatments (p. 105)
• 5.3 Hydrometallurgical Extraction (p. 106)
• 5.4 Sensing Technologies (p. 106)
• 5.5 Plastics to Liquid Fuel (p. 107)
• 5.6 Plastics Containing Brominated Flame Retardents (p. 107)
• 6 Acknowledgements (p. 108)
• References (p. 108)
• Chapter 5 Integrated Approach to e-Waste Recycling
• 1 Introduction (p. 111)
• 2 Recycling and Recovery Technologies (p. 113)
• 2.1 Sorting/Disassembly (p. 114)
• 2.2 Crushing/Diminution (p. 115)
• 2.3 Separation (p. 115)
• 3 Emerging Recycling and Recovery Technologies (p. 117)
• 3.1 Automated Disassembly (p. 117)
• 3.2 Comminution (p. 117)
• 3.3 Separation (p. 118)
• 3.4 Thermal Treatments (p. 119)
• 3.5 Hydrometallurgical Extraction (p. 119)
• 3.6 Dry Capture Technologies (p. 119)
• 3.7 Biotechnological Capture (p. 119)
• 3.8 Sensing Technologies (p. 120)
• 3.9 Design for Recycling and Inverse Manufacturing (p. 120)
• 4 Printed Circuit Boards (p. 121)
• 4.1 Overview (p. 121)
• 4.2 Recycling (p. 124)
• 4.3 Current Disposal Hierarchy (p. 126)
• 4.4 Economics of Recycling (p. 127)
• 4.5 Future Developments (p. 128)
• 4.6 Characteristics of PCB Scrap (p. 129)
• 4.7 Emerging Technologies (p. 132)
• 5 Sector-based Eco-design (p. 141)
• 5.1 Disassembly (p. 142)
• 5.2 Fasteners (p. 143)
• 5.3 RFIDs (Radio Frequency Identification Tags) (p. 145)
• 5.4 Active Disassembly (p. 146)
• 5.5 Design Methodology and Resource Efficiency (p. 147)
• 5.6 Recycling (p. 147)
• 5.7 Constraints on Materials Selection (p. 148)
• 5.8 Eco-design Guidelines for Manufacturing (p. 150)
• References (p. 160)
• Chapter 6 European Recycling Platform (ERP): a Pan-European Solution to WEEE Compliance
• 1 Brief Introduction to WEEE (p. 161)
• 1.1 The WEEE Directive (p. 161)
• 1.2 Producer Responsibility (p. 162)
• 1.3 Household and Non-household WEEE (p. 162)
• 1.4 Marking EEE Products (p. 163)
• 1.5 WEEE Collection Points (p. 164)
• 1.6 Product Categories and Waste Streams (p. 164)
• 1.7 Producer Compliance Schemes (p. 164)
• 1.8 Variations in National WEEE Laws (p. 164)
• 2 Introduction to European Recycling Platform (ERP) (p. 165)
• 2.1 European Recycling Platform (p. 165)
• 2.2 Founder Members (p. 165)
• 2.3 Timeline (p. 165)
• 2.4 Founding Principles (p. 166)
• 2.5 Structure (p. 166)
• 2.6 Scope of services (p. 168)
• 2.7 The Operational Model - General Contractor Approach (p. 168)
• 2.8 Euro PLUS (p. 170)
• 3 ERP in Operation (p. 170)
• 3.1 Country Summaries (p. 170)
• 3.2 Key Performance Indicators (p. 170)
• 3.3 Members (p. 170)
• 4 ERP - Beyond Compliance (p. 172)
• 4.1 Implementation of Individual Producer Responsibility (IPR) (p. 172)
• 4.2 ERP UK WEEE Survey (p. 173)
• 5 Summary (p. 175)
• 5.1 Key Achievements (p. 175)
• 5.2 Final Thoughts: Interviews with Two Founding Members (p. 177)
• References (p. 179)
• Chapter 7 Liquid Crystal Displays: from Devices to Recycling
• 1 Introduction (p. 180)
• 2 Overview of Liquid Crystals (p. 183)
• 2.1 Definition and Classification of Liquid Crystals (p. 184)
• 2.2 Molecular and Chemical Architecture of Liquid Crystals (p. 185)
• 2.3 The Mesophase: Types of Intermediate State of Matter (p. 186)
• 2.4 Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals and Material Requirements (p. 188)
• 3 Overview of Liquid Crystal Displays Based on Nematic Mesophase (p. 190)
• 3.1 Basic LCD Operating Principles (p. 190)
• 3.2 Types of Electro-optic LCD Devices (p. 191)
• 4 LCD Manufacturing Process (p. 195)
• 5 Environmental Legislation and Lifecycle Analysis (p. 197)
• 5.1 The WEEE Directive and LCDs (p. 197)
• 5.2 RoHS and REACH (p. 199)
• 5.3 Far East Environmental Measures (p. 199)
• 5.4 Lifecycle Analysis (p. 199)
• 6 Potentially Hazardous Constituents: Toxicity of LCD Constituents (p. 201)
• 6.1 Toxicity of Mercury and Backlighting (p. 201)
• 6.2 Toxicity of Liquid-crystal Mixture (p. 203)
• 6.3 Demanufacture and Recycling (p. 204)
• 7 Future Outlook (p. 208)
• 7.1 LCD Panels (p. 208)
• 7.2 Smart Disassembly (p. 209)
• 7.3 Legislation (p. 209)
• References (p. 209)
• Chapter 8 The Role of Collective versus Individual Producer Responsibility in e-Waste Management: Key Learnings from Around the World
• 1 Introduction (p. 212)
• 1.1 E-waste and Its Environmental Impacts (p. 212)
• 1.2 Background to Producer Responsibility (p. 213)
• 1.3 Defining Individual and Collective Producer Responsibility (p. 215)
• 2 The WEEE Directive in Europe (p. 216)
• 2.1 The WEEE Directive's Approach to Individual and Collective Producer Responsibility (p. 216)
• 2.2 Implementation of Individual and Collective Producer Responsibility in the EU (p. 218)
• 2.3 ICT Milieu, The Netherlands (p. 219)
• 3 E-waste Laws and Voluntary Agreements in Other Countries (p. 220)
• 3.1 Japanese Electronics Take-back Directive (p. 220)
• 3.2 Product Take-back in the USA (p. 221)
• 3.3 Product Stewardship in Australia (p. 222)
• 4 Discussion (p. 223)
• 4.1 Competition in E-Waste Management (p. 223)
• 4.2 Collective Producer Responsibility: Benefits and Disadvantages (p. 225)
• 4.3 Individual Producer Responsibility: Benefits and Disadvantages (p. 225)
• 4.4 Evaluating Collective versus Individual Producer Responsibility (p. 227)
• 5 Recommendations to Implement IPR (p. 230)
• 5.1 Recommendation #1: Ensure Article 8.2 of the WEEE Directive is Fully Transposed (p. 230)
• 5.2 Recommendation #2: Adopt a Phased Approach to IPR (p. 231)
• 5.3 Recommendation #3: Member States to Implement IPR (p. 232)
• 6 Conclusions (p. 233)
• References (p. 234)
• Chapter 9 Rapid Assessment of Electronics Enclosure Plastics
• 1 Introduction (p. 236)
• 2 Instrumental Techniques (p. 237)
• 3 Visible-NIR Spectroscopy of Engineering Thermoplastics (p. 239)
• 3.1 Discrimination of Enclosure Materials (p. 241)
• 3.2 Base Polymer Identification (p. 243)
• 3.3 Selected Thermoplastics for Processing (p. 244)
• 3.4 Controlled Degradation Experiments (p. 245)
• 3.5 Analysis of Processed Thermoplastics (p. 245)
• 4 Analysis of Plastics Containing Flame-retardant Additives (p. 248)
• 4.1 Visible-NIR Spectroscopy (p. 249)
• 4.2 X-Ray Fluorescence and Optical Emission Spectroscopy (p. 251)
• 4.3 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy (p. 253)
• 5 Conclusions (p. 255)
• References (p. 256)
• Subject Index (p. 258)

Author notes provided by Syndetics

The series has been edited by Professors Hester and Harrison since it began in 1994.

Professor Roy Harrison OBE is listed by ISI Thomson Scientific (on ISI Web of Knowledge) as a Highly Cited Researcher in the Environmental Science/Ecology category. He has an h-index of 54 (i.e. 54 of his papers have received 54 or more citations in the literature). In 2004 he was appointed OBE for services to environmental science in the New Year Honours List. He was profiled by the Journal of Environmental Monitoring (Vol 5, pp 39N-41N, 2003). Professor Harrison's research interests lie in the field of environment and human health. His main specialism is in air pollution, from emissions through atmospheric chemical and physical transformations to exposure and effects on human health. Much of this work is designed to inform the development of policy.

Now an emeritus professor, Professor Ron Hester's current activities in chemistry are mainly as an editor and as an external examiner and assessor. He also retains appointments as external examiner and assessor / adviser on courses, individual promotions, and departmental / subject area evaluations both in the UK and abroad.