Produced water treatment field manual [electronic book] / by Maurice Stewart, Ken Arnold.

By:

Stewart, Maurice

Contributor(s):

Material type: Text

TextPublication details: Oxford : Gulf Professional, 2010.ISBN:

1856179842
9781856179843

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Electronic books.

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ScienceDirect eBook

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Enhanced descriptions from Syndetics:

Produced Water Treatment Field Manual presents different methods used in produced water treatment systems in the oil and gas industry. Produced water is salty water that is produced as a byproduct along with oil or gas during the treatment. Water is brought along with the oil and gas when these are lifted from the surface. The water is then treated before the discharge or re-injection process. In the introduction, the book discusses the basic terms and concepts that describe produced water treatment. It also presents the different methods involved in the treatment. It further discusses the design, operation, maintenance, and sizing of the produced water treatment systems. In the latter part of the book, the ways to remove impurities in water are discussed, including choosing the proper filter, filtering equipment, filtering methods, and filtering types. The main objective of this book is to provide information about proper water management. Readers who are involved in this field will find this book relevant.

Produced water is mainly salty water trapped in the reservoir rock and brought up along with oil or gas during production. Almost all offshore oilfields produce large quantities of contaminated water that can have significant environmental effects if not handled properly. Over the life of a well, the volume of water produced will exceed the volume of oil by a factor of 3-6 times. Since produced water has no commercial value, operators must find a way to treat relatively large amounts of water at the lowest possible cost. Packed with over 500 tables, figures, and equations, the objective of this book is to provide any one who is involved in the design, operation, maintenance and sizing of produced water treatment systems, with a handy reference to the latest technology, management, treatment, and handling practices.

This book will provide readers with the necessary insight to: - Present a description of the various water treating equipment that are currently in use - Provide performance data for each unit - Develop a "feel" for the parameters needed for design and their relative importance - Develop and understanding of the uncertainties and assumptions inherent in the design of the various items of equipment - Outline sizing procedures and equipment selection

The objective of this book is to provide the reader with sufficient information to make better logical choices in designing and operating the system. To a large extent, the design of a system, the sizing of individual pieces of equipment and the operation of the system must be tempered by the experience and judgement of the designer and operator.

Table of contents provided by Syndetics

Part 1 Produced Water Treating Systems (p. 1)
Introduction (p. 1)
Disposal Standards (p. 3)
Offshore Operations (p. 3)
Onshore Operations (p. 3)
Characteristics of Produced Water (p. 4)
Dissolved Solids (p. 4)
Precipitated Solids (Scales) (p. 5)
Scale Removal (p. 5)
Controlling Scale Using Chemical Inhibitors (p. 6)
Sand and Other Suspended Solids (p. 6)
Dissolved Gases (p. 8)
Oil-in-Water Emulsions (p. 10)
Dissolved Oil Concentrations (p. 11)
Lab Tests (p. 12)
Dispersed Oil (p. 12)
System Description (p. 16)
Theory (p. 18)
Gravity Separation (p. 19)
Coalescence (p. 20)
Dispersion (p. 21)
Flotation (p. 22)
Number of Cells (p. 25)
Filtration (p. 26)
Equipment Description and Sizing (p. 26)
Skim Tanks and Skim Vessels (p. 26)
General Considerations (p. 26)
Configurations (p. 27)
Vertical (p. 27)
Horizontal (p. 28)
Pressure versus Atmospheric Vessels (p. 30)
Retention Time (p. 31)
Performance Considerations (p. 31)
Skimmer Sizing Equations (p. 33)
Horizontal Cylindrical Vessels (p. 33)
Horizontal Rectangular
Cross-Section Skimmer (p. 36)
Vertical Cylindrical Skimmer (p. 38)
Coalescers (p. 39)
General Considerations (p. 39)
Plate Coalescers (p. 40)
Parallel Plate Interceptor (PPI) (p. 42)
Corrugated Plate Interceptor (CPI) (p. 43)
Cross-Flow Devices (p. 48)
Horizontal Units (p. 48)
Vertical Units (p. 49)
Performance Considerations (p. 50)
Downflow (p. 50)
Upflow (p. 50)
Cross Flow (p. 51)
Selection Criteria (p. 52)
Coalescer Sizing Equations (p. 53)
CPI Sizing (p. 56)
Cross-Flow Device Sizing (p. 57)
Example 1-1: Determining the Dispersed Oil Content in the Effluent Water from a CPI Plate Separator (p. 58)
Oil/Water/Sediment Coalescing Separators (p. 60)
Oil/Water/Sediment Coalescing Separator Sizing (p. 63)
Performance Considerations (p. 63)
Skimmer/Coalescers (p. 63)
Matrix Type (p. 64)
Loose Media (p. 65)
Performance Considerations (p. 65)
Precipitators/Coalescing Filters (p. 67)
Free-Flow Turbulent Coalescers (p. 69)
Performance Considerations (p. 72)
Flotation Units (p. 75)
Dissolved Gas Units (p. 76)
Dispersed Gas Units (p. 78)
Hydraulic Induced Units (p. 82)
Mechanical Induced Units (p. 84)
Other Configurations (p. 86)
Sizing Dispersed Gas Units (p. 87)
Performance Considerations (p. 90)
Hydrocyclones (p. 95)
General Considerations (p. 95)
Operating Principles (p. 95)
Separation Mechanism (p. 97)
Orientation and Operating Considerations (p. 97)
Static Hydrocyclones (p. 98)
Performance (p. 99)
Advantages of Hydrocyclones (p. 101)
Disadvantages of Hydrocyclones (p. 101)
Dynamic Hydrocyclones (p. 103)
Selection Criteria and Application Guidelines (p. 105)
Sizing and Design (p. 106)
Disposal Piles (p. 106)
General Considerations (p. 106)
Disposal Pile Sizing (p. 108)
Disposal Piles (Offshore Platforms) (p. 110)
Skim Piles (p. 110)
General Considerations (p. 110)
Operation (p. 111)
Advantages (p. 113)
Regulatory Consideration (p. 113)
Skim Pile Sizing (p. 113)
Drain Systems (p. 114)
Pressure (Closed) Drain System (p. 114)
Atmospheric (Open) Drain System (p. 114)
Environmental Considerations (p. 115)
Information Required for Design (p. 115)
Design Basis (p. 115)
Effluent Quality (p. 115)
Produced Water Flow Rate (p. 116)
Water Specific Gravity (p. 117)
Water Viscosity (p. 117)
Oil Concentration (p. 117)
Soluble Oil Concentration (p. 118)
Oil Specific Gravity (p. 118)
Oil Droplet Size Distribution (p. 118)
Oil Drop Size Distribution: Open Drains (p. 120)
Equipment Selection Procedure (p. 120)
Equipment Specification (p. 123)
Skim Tank (p. 123)
SP Pack System (p. 123)
CPI Separator (p. 123)
Cross-Flow Devices (p. 124)
Flotation Unit (p. 124)
Disposal Pile (p. 124)
Example 1-2: Design the Produced Water Treating System (p. 124)
Nomenclature (p. 133)
Part 2 Water Injection Systems (p. 135)
Introduction (p. 135)
General Considerations (p. 135)
Solids Content (p. 138)
Oil Content (p. 139)
Produced Water (p. 139)
Source Water from Deep Sand Formation (p. 139)
Solids Removal Theory (p. 140)
Removal of Suspended Solids from Water (p. 140)
Filtration (p. 140)
Gravity Settling (p. 141)
Filtration (p. 143)
Inertial Impaction (p. 144)
Diffusional Interception (p. 145)
Direct Interception (p. 145)
Filter Types (p. 146)
Nonfixed-Pore Structure Media (p. 146)
Fixed-Pore Structure Media (p. 146)
Surface Media (p. 148)
Summary of Filter Types (p. 148)
Removal Ratings (p. 149)
General Considerations (p. 149)
Nominal Rating (p. 149)
Absolute Rating (p. 150)
Beta (ß) Rating System (p. 151)
Choosing the Proper Filter (p. 152)
General Considerations (p. 152)
Nature of Fluid (p. 153)
Flow Rate (p. 153)
Temperature (p. 153)
Pressure Drop (p. 154)
Surface Area (p. 154)
Void Volume (p. 154)
Degree of Filtration (p. 155)
Prefiltration (p. 155)
Coagulants and Floccuation (p. 156)
Measuring Water Compatibility (p. 158)
Saturation Index (LSI) (p. 158)
Stability Index (RSI) (p. 159)
Solids Removal Equipment Description (p. 159)
Source Water Considerations (p. 159)
Water Injection Treatment Steps (p. 159)
Produced Water (p. 160)
Surface Water (p. 161)
Subsurface Water (p. 162)
Dissolved Minerals and Salts (p. 163)
Water Compatibility (p. 163)
Filtration (p. 163)
Gravity Settling Tanks (p. 164)
Vertical Vessels (p. 164)
Horizontal Vessels (p. 166)
Horizontal Cylindrical Gravity Settlers (p. 167)
Horizontal Rectangular Cross-Sectional Gravity Settlers (p. 170)
Vertical Cylindrical Gravity Settlers (p. 171)
Plate Coalescers (p. 172)
Hydrocyclones (p. 172)
Centrifuges (p. 177)
Flotation Units (p. 177)
Disposable Cartridge Filters (p. 178)
Backwashable Cartridge Filters (p. 182)
Granular Media Filters (p. 183)
Diatomaceous Earth Filters (p. 193)
Chemical Scavenging Equipment (p. 196)
Design Example: Solid Removal Process (p. 199)
Complete Water Injection System (p. 199)
Nomenclature (p. 201)
Appendix A Definition of Key Water Treating Terms (p. 203)
Appendix B Water Sampling Techniques (p. 207)
Appendix C Oil Concentration Analysis Techniques (p. 211)
Index (p. 217)

Author notes provided by Syndetics

Dr. Maurice Stewart, PE, a Registered Professional Engineer with over 40 years international consulting experience in project management; designing, selecting, specifying, installing, operating, optimizing, retrofitting and troubleshooting oil, water and gas handling, conditioning and processing facilities; designing plant piping and pipeline systems, heat exchangers, pressure vessels, process equipment, and pumping and compression systems; and leading hazards analysis reviews and risk assessments.

Ken Arnold is a Senior Technical Advisor for WorleyParsons in Houston, TX. Spanning over 50 years of experience, he spent 16 years' in facilities engineering, project engineering and engineering management with Shell before forming Paragon Engineering Services in 1980. Arnold retired from Paragon in 2007 and formed K Arnold Consulting, Inc. In 2010, he joined WorleyParsons as part-time advisor while still managing the consulting firm. He participated in the initial development of several API safety related Recommended Practices including RP 75 and RP 14J and most recently was Chair of the National Academies Committee on Evaluating the Effectiveness of Offshore Safety and Environmental Management Systems. He has served on the Board of SPE as its first Director of Projects, Facilities and Construction and then later as VP Finance. He is currently Treasurer of The Academy of Medicine, Engineering and Science of Texas. Arnold has a BSCE degree from Cornell and MS degree from Tulane and has taught facilities engineering in the University of Houston Petroleum Engineering program and for several oil companies. He is a registered professional engineer and serves on the advisory board of the engineering schools of Tulane University, Cornell University and the Petroleum Engineering Advisory Board of the University of Houston. Recently, Ken received the 2013 Distinguished Achievement Award, considered one of the highest recognitions anyone can achieve in the offshore industry, at this year's Offshore Technology Conference in Houston, TX for his outstanding leadership and extensive contributions to the E&P industry. His many achievements include playing an integral role in the offshore industry's focus on safety through the development of Recommended Practices for offshore design and safety management, and he developed approaches to both equipment sizing and facility project management that are still in use today. He has also been instrumental in the effort to establish oilfield facilities engineering as a recognized technical engineering specialty.