An introduction to sociolinguistics / Ronald Wardhaugh and Janet M. Fuller.

Enhanced descriptions from Syndetics:

AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLINGUISTICS

The new eighth edition of An Introduction to Sociolinguistics brings this valuable, bestselling textbook up to date with the latest in sociolinguistic research and pedagogy, providing a broad overview of the study of language in social context with accessible coverage of major concepts, theories, methods, issues, and debates within the field. This leading text helps students develop a critical perspective on language in society as they explore the complex connections between societal norms and language use. The eighth edition contains new and updated coverage of such topics as the societal aspects of African American Vernacular English (AAVE), multilingual societies and discourse, gender and sexuality, ideologies and language attitudes, and the social meanings of linguistic forms.

Organized in four sections, this text first covers traditional language issues such as the distinction between languages and dialects, identification of regional and social variation within languages, and the role of context in language use and interpretation. Subsequent chapters cover approaches to research in sociolinguistics--variationist sociolinguistics, ethnography, and discourse analytic research--and address both macro- and micro-sociolinguistic aspects of multilingualism in national, transnational, global, and digital contexts. The concluding section of the text looks at language in relation to gender and sexuality, education, and language planning and policy issues. Featuring examples from a variety of languages and cultures that illustrate topics such as social and regional dialects, multilingualism, and the linguistic construction of identity, this text provides perspectives on both new and foundational research in sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology.

An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, Eighth Edition , remains the ideal textbook for upper-level undergraduate and graduate course in sociolinguistics, language and society, linguistic anthropology, applied and theoretical linguistics, and education. The new edition has also been updated to support classroom application with a range of effective pedagogical tools, including end-of-chapter written exercises and an instructor website, as well as materials to support further learning such as reading suggestions, research ideas, and an updated companion student website containing a searchable glossary, a review guide, additional exercises and examples, and links to online resources.

Table of contents provided by Syndetics

• List of Figures (p. xiii)
• List of Tables (p. xiv)
• Acknowledgments (p. xv)
• About the Companion Website (p. xvii)
• 1 Introduction (p. 1)
• Key Topics (p. 1)
• The Nature of Language (p. 2)
• Knowledge of Language (p. 3)
• Competence and performance (p. 4)
• Variation (p. 6)
• Variants and the linguistic variable (p. 7)
• Language Users and Their Groups: Identities (p. 8)
• Language and Culture (p. 10)
• Directions of influence (p. 11)
• The Whorfian hypothesis (p. 11)
• Correlations (p. 13)
• The Interdisciplinary Legacy of Sociolinguistics (p. 14)
• Overview of the Book (p. 16)
• Chapter Summary (p. 16)
• Exercises (p. 17)
• Further Reading (p. 18)
• References (p. 19)
• Part I Languages, Communities, and Contexts (p. 23)
• 2 Languages, Dialects, and Varieties (p. 25)
• Key Topics (p. 25)
• What is a Language? (p. 25)
• Language or Dialect? (p. 26)
• Mutual intelligibility (p. 27)
• The role of social identity (p. 29)
• Standardization (p. 30)
• The standard as an abstraction (p. 30)
• The standardization process (p. 31)
• The standard and language change (p. 32)
• Standard language? (p. 33)
• The standard-dialect hierarchy (p. 33)
• Regional Dialects (p. 34)
• Dialect geography (p. 34)
• Everyone has an accent (p. 35)
• Social Dialects (p. 36)
• Kiezdeutsch 'neighborhood German' (p. 37)
• Ethnic dialects (p. 39)
• African American Vernacular English (p. 40)
• Features of AAVE (p. 41)
• Development of AAVE (p. 42)
• Societal aspects of AAVE Use (p. 43)
• Styles and Indexes: The Social Meanings of Linguistic Forms (p. 43)
• Chapter Summary (p. 47)
• Exercises (p. 47)
• Further Reading (p. 48)
• References (p. 49)
• 3 Defining Groups (p. 55)
• Key Topics (p. 55)
• Speech Communities (p. 56)
• Linguistic boundaries (p. 56)
• Shared norms (p. 57)
• Communities of Practice (p. 60)
• Social Networks (p. 62)
• Social Identities (p. 64)
• Beliefs about Language and Social Groups (p. 65)
• Language ideologies (p. 66)
• The standard language ideology (p. 66)
• The purist ideology (p. 67)
• Monoglossic ideologies (p. 67)
• Iconicity, erasure, and recursivity (p. 68)
• Language attitudes (p. 69)
• Perceptual dialectology (p. 69)
• Matched/verbal guises (p. 70)
• Implicit association task (IAT) (p. 71)
• Chapter Summary (p. 72)
• Exercises (p. 72)
• Further Reading (p. 73)
• References (p. 74)
• 4 Language in Context: Pragmatics (p. 79)
• Key Topics (p. 79)
• Speech Acts (p. 79)
• Performatives (p. 80)
• Implicature (p. 83)
• Maxims (p. 83)
• Politeness (p. 85)
• Face (p. 85)
• Positive and negative politeness (p. 86)
• Beyond politeness theory (p. 87)
• Politeness and indirectness (p. 88)
• Pronouns (p. 89)
• Tu and vous: power and solidarity (p. 89)
• Pronouns and positioning (p. 92)
• Naming and Titles (p. 92)
• Fluidity and change in address terms (p. 94)
• Chapter Summary (p. 97)
• Exercises (p. 97)
• Further Reading (p. 100)
• References (p. 100)
• Part II Theory and Methods (p. 105)
• 5 Language Variation and Change (p. 107)
• Key Topics (p. 107)
• Variables and Correlations (p. 107)
• Types of linguistic variables (p. 108)
• Indicators, markers and stereotypes (p. 109)
• Independent variables (p. 109)
• Data Collection and Analysis (p. 110)
• The observer's paradox (p. 110)
• The sociolinguistic interview (p. 110)
• Sampling (p. 111)
• Apparent tune and real time (p. 112)
• Doing Quantitative Research: What Do the Numbers Really Mean? (p. 112)
• Regional Variation (p. 113)
• Mapping dialects (p. 114)
• Methods in dialectology (p. 115)
• Dialect mixture and free variation (p. 117)
• Linguistic atlases (p. 117)
• Social Variation (p. 118)
• Social class membership (p. 118)
• The First Wave of Variation Studies (p. 120)
• Early work on gender variation (p. 121)
• The fourth floor (p. 121)
• Variation in Norwich (p. 124)
• Variation in Detroit (p. 124)
• Variation in Glasgow (p. 125)
• Linguistic constraints on variation (p. 126)
• Language Variation and Change (p. 127)
• Change from above and below (p. 127)
• Some changes in progress (p. 127)
• Change across space: urban centers and physical barriers (p. 129)
• Change over time or age-grading? (p. 129)
• Martha's Vineyard (p. 131)
• Gender and language change (p. 132)
• Language change and the linguistic marketplace (p. 136)
• The Second Wave of Variation Studies (p. 137)
• Social networks (p. 138)
• Social network theory and language change (p. 139)
• Gender variation in the second wave (p. 140)
• Jocks and burnouts (p. 141)
• The Third Wave of Variation Studies (p. 142)
• Stance, style, and identity (p. 142)
• Change across the lifespan (p. 144)
• Chapter Summary (p. 144)
• Exercises (p. 144)
• Further Reading (p. 146)
• References (p. 146)
• 6 Ethnographic Approaches in Sociolinguistics (p. 153)
• Key Topics (p. 153)
• Ethnography: Participant Observation (p. 153)
• The Ethnography of Communication (p. 155)
• Communicative competence (p. 156)
• The communicative event and communicative acts (p. 157)
• The Speaking device (p. 157)
• Ethnography and beyond (p. 160)
• Ethnomethodology (p. 161)
• Background knowledge as part of communication (p. 161)
• Commonsense knowledge and practical reasoning (p. 162)
• Garfinkel and his students: studies in ethnomethodology (p. 163)
• Ethnomethodology and conversation analysis (p. 164)
• Critical Ethnography (p. 164)
• (Socio)linguistic Ethnography (p. 165)
• Digital Ethnographies: Research in Online Communities (p. 167)
• Ethnography in Combination with Other Sociolinguistic Methods (p. 168)
• Chapter Summary (p. 169)
• Exercises (p. 169)
• Further Reading (p. 171)
• References (p. 172)
• 7 Discourse Analysis (p. 175)
• Key Topics (p. 175)
• Conversation Analysis (p. 176)
• Adjacency pairs (p. 177)
• Openings (p. 178)
• Closings (p. 179)
• Turn-taking (p. 181)
• Repair (p. 182)
• Institutional talk (p. 183)
• Membership categorization (p. 185)
• Interactional Sociolinguistics (p. 185)
• Data and methodologies (p. 186)
• Contextualization and stance (p. 188)
• Identities (p. 189)
• Critical Discourse Analysis (p. 192)
• Contrasts and critiques (p. 193)
• Methodologies and connections (p. 193)
• Corpus Linguistics (p. 196)
• Chapter Summary (p. 198)
• Exercises (p. 198)
• Further Reading (p. 199)
• References (p. 200)
• Part III Multilingual Matters (p. 207)
• 8 Languages in Contact: Multilingual Societies and Multilingual Discourse (p. 209)
• Key Topics (p. 209)
• Multilingualism as a Societal Phenomenon (p. 210)
• Language competencies in multilingual societies (p. 211)
• Language ideologies surrounding multilingualism (p. 211)
• Linguistic landscapes (p. 213)
• Language attitudes in multilingual settings (p. 216)
• Language Maintenance and Shift (p. 218)
• Diglossia (p. 219)
• Domains (p. 220)
• Language attitudes and ideologies (p. 220)
• Language learning (p. 220)
• The statuses of the H and L varieties (p. 221)
• Extended diglossia and language maintenance (p. 222)
• Questioning diglossia (p. 223)
• Multilingual Discourse (p. 224)
• Metaphorical and situational codeswitching (p. 225)
• Communication accommodation theory (p. 225)
• The markedness model (p. 226)
• Multilingual identities (p. 227)
• Bricolage (p. 230)
• Chapter Summary (p. 231)
• Exercises (p. 231)
• Further Reading (p. 235)
• References (p. 235)
• 9 Contact Varieties: Structural Consequences of Social Factors (p. 243)
• Key Topics (p. 243)
• The Structure of Codeswitching (p. 243)
• Loanwords and Caiques (p. 245)
• Convergence (p. 246)
• Ethnicized and Social Dialects as Contact Varieties (p. 247)
• Latinx Englishes (p. 248)
• Straattaal 'street language' (p. 249)
• Mixed Languages (p. 250)
• Lingua Francas (p. 252)
• Pidgin and Creole Languages: Definitions (p. 253)
• Connections between P/C languages and second language acquisition (p. 254)
• Creole Formation (p. 255)
• Theories of creole genesis (p. 256)
• Geographical Distribution (p. 258)
• Linguistic Characteristics of P/C Languages (p. 259)
• Phonology (p. 260)
• Morphosyntax (p. 260)
• Vocabulary (p. 261)
• From Pidgin to Creole and Beyond (p. 262)
• Creole continuum? (p. 263)
• Chapter Summary (p. 265)
• Exercises (p. 265)
• Further Reading (p. 266)
• References (p. 266)
• 10 Language, the Nation, and Beyond (p. 273)
• Key Topics (p. 273)
• Language and Nation (p. 273)
• Nationalism and language (p. 274)
• Language and national identity categories (p. 278)
• Belonging beyond the nation (p. 280)
• Language and Migration (p. 282)
• Identity construction in the context of migration (p. 282)
• Identity over time and space (p. 284)
• Diversity and superdiversity (p. 287)
• Discourses of migration and integration (p. 288)
• LADO (p. 291)
• Language and Globalization (p. 293)
• Global English: threat or promise? (p. 295)
• Language and the Digital World (p. 296)
• Chapter Summary (p. 298)
• Exercises (p. 298)
• Further Reading (p. 298)
• References (p. 299)
• Part IV Sociolinguistics and Social Justice (p. 305)
• 11 Language, Gender, and Sexuality (p. 307)
• Key Topics (p. 307)
• Defining Terms: Sex Category, Gender, and Sexuality (p. 307)
• Sexist Language (p. 309)
• Grammatical gender marking (p. 310)
• Language change (p. 312)
• Deficit, Dominance, and Difference (p. 313)
• Women's language as a deficit (p. 314)
• Dominance (p. 315)
• Difference (p. 316)
• Gender and Sexuality Identities (p. 317)
• Multiple identities (p. 318)
• The role of hegemonic ideologies in gender and sexuality identity construction (p. 319)
• Context-specific identity construction: the workplace (p. 321)
• Discourses of Gender and Sexuality (p. 323)
• Normative discourses (p. 323)
• Discourses about language use (p. 325)
• Chapter Summary (p. 326)
• Exercises (p. 326)
• Further Reading (p. 327)
• References (p. 327)
• 12 Sociolinguistics and Education (p. 335)
• Key Topics (p. 335)
• Social Dialects and Education (p. 336)
• Restricted codes and the language gap (p. 336)
• Difference not deficit (p. 337)
• Role of the home dialect in education (p. 340)
• An achievement gap? (p. 342)
• Education in Multilingual Contexts (p. 343)
• Ideologies (p. 343)
• Use of minoritized languages in the classroom (p. 345)
• Elite and immigrant bilingualism (p. 348)
• Education and World-Wide English (p. 349)
• Circles of English (p. 350)
• English in world-wide education (p. 350)
• Elite closure (p. 351)
• English in Europe (p. 353)
• Chapter Summary (p. 354)
• Exercises (p. 355)
• Further Reading (p. 356)
• References (p. 356)
• 13 Language Policy and Planning (p. 365)
• Key Topics (p. 365)
• Terminology, Concepts, and Development of the Field (p. 365)
• Types of language planning (p. 366)
• The intellectual history of LPP (p. 369)
• Data and methods (p. 370)
• LPP and Nationalization (p. 372)
• LPP in Turkey: orthography and purity (p. 372)
• LPP in the Soviet Union and the post-Soviet era: from Russification to nationalization (p. 373)
• Official monolingualism in France (p. 375)
• LPP in Post- and Neo-Colonial Contexts (p. 376)
• Kenya (p. 376)
• India (p. 377)
• Multilingual Countries and LPP (p. 378)
• Canada (p. 379)
• Belgium (p. 380)
• Papua New Guinea (p. 381)
• Singapore (p. 381)
• Feminist Language Planning (p. 382)
• Endangered Languages and the Spread of English (p. 384)
• Endangered languages (p. 384)
• Family language policy, new speakers, and LPP (p. 385)
• English world-wide (p. 387)
• Language policy ... or lack thereof (p. 389)
• Chapter Summary (p. 389)
• Exercises (p. 389)
• Further Reading (p. 390)
• References (p. 391)
• Glossary (p. 397)
• Index (p. 421)

Author notes provided by Syndetics

Ronald Wardhaugh is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Linguistics at the University of Toronto, Canada. He is the author of number of books, including Proper English (Wiley Blackwell, 1998) and Understanding English Grammar, Second Edition (Wiley Blackwell, 2003).
Janet M. Fuller is Professor and Chair of Language and Society, Department of European Languages and Cultures, University of Groningen, The Netherlands. Her previous publications have explored many aspects of multilingualism, with a recent focus on language ideologies, social identities, and discourses of national belonging. She is the author of Spanish Speakers in the USA and Bilingual Pre-Teens: Competing Ideologies and Multiple Identities in the US and Germany, and co-author of Speaking Spanish in the US and co-editor of Studies in Contact Linguistics.